Sima Qian: Historical Records 11 Emperor Xiaojing
A11.1…4
Sima Qian: Historical Records 11 Emperor Xiaojing
Emperor Xiaojing was the middle son of Emperor Xiaowen. His mother was Empress Dowager Dou. When Emperor Xiaowen was in Dai, the previous queen had given birth to three sons. When Empress Dowager Dou was in favor, the previous queen died, and her three sons also died one after another, so Emperor Xiaojing was able to succeed to the throne.
On the Yimao day of the fourth month of the first year of Emperor Xiaojing (156 BC), he issued a general amnesty. On the Yisi day, he granted each citizen one class higher title. In May, he reduced the land rent of farmers across the country by half and established the Taizong Temple for Emperor Xiaowen. He asked the ministers not to come to the court to congratulate him on his accession to the throne. He allowed the Huns to enter Dai and agreed to a marriage with them.
In the spring of the second year (155 BC), Xiao Xi, the grandson of Xiao He, the former prime minister, was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wuling. It was stipulated that men should be recorded in the book when they turned 20. On the Renwu day of the fourth month, Empress Dowager Xiaowen died. The King of Guangchuan and the King of Changsha both went to their own fiefdoms. Prime Minister Shentu Jia died. In August, the Imperial Censor Tao Qing, Marquis of Kaifeng, was appointed as Prime Minister. A comet appeared in the northeast. In the autumn, hail fell on Hengshan Mountain, the largest hailstones could reach a diameter of five inches, and the deepest place could reach two feet. Mars moved in the reverse direction and approached the North Star. The moon appeared in the position of the North Star. Jupiter moved in the reverse direction in the heaven. The emperor set up Nanling, Neishi and Xixi as counties.
On the Yisi day of the first month of the third year (154 BC), a general amnesty was declared. A long-tailed comet appeared in the west. Fire from heaven burned down the main hall and tower of the East Palace in Luoyang. King Liu Bi of Wu, King Liu Wu of Chu, King Liu Sui of Zhao, King Liu Ang of Jiaoxi, King Liu Piguang of Jinan, King Liu Xian of Zichuan, and King Liu Xiongqu of Jiaodong rebelled and marched westward. The emperor killed Chao Cuo to appease the rebellious kings and sent Yuan Ang to inform the seven kingdoms, but the seven kingdoms still did not withdraw their troops and continued to besiege Liang Kingdom to the west. Therefore, the emperor sent General Dou Ying and Grand Commandant Zhou Yafu to lead the army to attack and eliminate them. On the Yihai day of the sixth month, the emperor pardoned the soldiers who fled in battle and those who participated in the rebellion, including Liu Zhi, the son of King Yuan of Chu. The emperor conferred the title of Marquis of Weiqi on General Dou Ying. He made Liu Li, the Marquis of Pinglu, the son of King Yuan of Chu, the King of Chu. He made the prince Liu Duan the King of Jiaoxi and the prince Liu Sheng the King of Zhongshan. The title of King of Jibei Liu Zhi was changed to King of Zichuan, the title of King of Huaiyang Liu Yu was changed to King of Lu, and the title of King of Runan Liu Fei was changed to King of Jiangdu. King of Qi Liu Jianglu and King of Yan Liu Jia both died.
司马迁·史记卷十一·孝景本纪第十一
孝景皇帝者，孝文之中子也。母窦太后。孝文在代时，前后有三男，及窦太后得幸，前后死，及三子更死，故孝景得立。
元年四月乙卯，赦天下。乙巳，赐民爵一级。五月，除田半租，为孝文立太宗庙。令群臣无朝贺。匈奴入代，与约和亲。
二年春，封故相国萧何孙系为武陵侯。男子二十而得傅。四月壬午，孝文太后崩。广川、长沙王皆之国。丞相申屠嘉卒。八月，以御史大夫开封侯陶青为丞相。彗星出东北。秋，衡山雨雹，大者五寸，深者二尺。荧惑逆行，守北辰。月出北辰间。岁星逆行天廷中。置南陵及内史祋祤为县。
三年正月乙巳，赦天下。长星出西方。天火燔雒阳东宫大殿城室。吴王濞、楚王戊、赵王遂、胶西王卬、济南王辟光、菑川王贤、胶东王雄渠反，发兵西乡。天子为诛晁错，遣袁盎谕告，不止，遂西围梁。上乃遣大将军窦婴、太尉周亚夫将兵诛之。六月乙亥。赦亡军及楚元王子蓺等与谋反者。封大将军窦婴为魏其侯。立楚元王子平陆侯礼为楚王。立皇子端为胶西王，子胜为中山王。徙济北王志为菑川王，淮阳王余为鲁王，汝南王非为江都王。齐王将庐、燕王嘉皆薨。
A11.5…10
In the summer of the fourth year (153 BC), the crown prince was appointed. Prince Liu Che was appointed as the King of Jiaodong. On the Jiaxu day of the sixth month, a general amnesty was declared. In the intercalary ninth month, Yiyang was renamed Yangling. Checkpoints were set up at the ferry and the pass again, and people entered and exited with documents. In the winter, the State of Zhao was abolished and established as Handan County.
In March of the fifth year (152 BC), Mausoleum Yangling and Wei Bridge were built. In May, 200,000 coins was allocated to recruit people from all over the country to move to Yangling. Jiangdu was hit by a strong storm from the west, and the city wall was destroyed by the wind. On the Dingmao day, the emperor conferred the title of Marquis of Longlu on the son of his sister, the eldest princess. The title of King Guangchuan was changed to King Zhao.
In the spring of the sixth year (151 BC), Lieutenant Wei Wan was made Marquis of Jianling, Prime Minister Cheng Jia of Jiangdu was made Marquis of Jianping, Longxi County Governor Gongsun Hunxie was made Marquis of Pingqu, Prime Minister Su Jia of Zhao was made Marquis of Jiangling, and former general Luan Bu was made Marquis of Shu. The King of Liang and the King of Chu both passed away. In the intercalary ninth month, the trees on both sides of the Chidao expressway were cut down and the Orchid Pond was filled in.
In the winter of the seventh year (150 BC), the Crown Prince Liu Rong was deposed and made the King of Linjiang. On the last day of the eleventh month, a solar eclipse occurred. In the spring, prisoners and slaves who were building Yangling were pardoned. Prime Minister Tao Qing was dismissed. On the Yisi day of the second month, the Grand Commandant Zhou Yafu was appointed as Prime Minister. On the Yisi day of the fourth month, the mother of the King of Jiaodong was enthroned as the Queen. On the Dingsi day of the third month, the King of Jiaodong was enthroned as the Crown Prince. The Crown Prince's name was Che.
In the first year of Zhongyuan (149 BC), Zhou Ping, the grandson of Zhou Ke, the former imperial censor, was granted the title of Marquis of Sheng, and Zhou Zuoche, the grandson of Zhou Chang, the former imperial censor, was granted the title of Marquis of Anyang. On the Yisi day of the 4th month, a general amnesty was declared, and each citizen was granted a higher level title. The prohibition on merchants, sons-in-law marrying into the family, and officials who had committed crimes being allowed to serve as officials again was abolished. An earthquake occurred. Hailstones fell in Hengshan and Yuandu, with the largest reaching a diameter of one foot and eight inches.
In February of the second year of Zhongyuan (148 BC), the Huns invaded Yan territory, and the court refused to make peace with the Huns. In March, an order was issued to summon King Linjiang Liu Rong to the capital to be questioned. He soon died in the residence of Lieutenant Zhidu. In summer, the prince Liu Yue was enthroned as King Guangchuan, and the prince Liu Ji as King Jiaodong. Four marquises were enfeoffed. On the Jiaxu day of September, a solar eclipse occurred.
四年夏，立太子。立皇子彻为胶东王。六月甲戌，赦天下。后九月，更以易阳为阳陵。复置津关，用传出入。冬，以赵国为邯郸郡。
五年三月，作阳陵、渭桥。五月，募徙阳陵，予钱二十万。江都大暴风从西方来，坏城十二丈。丁卯，封长公主子蟜为隆虑侯。徙广川王为赵王。
六年春，封中尉绾为建陵侯，江都丞相嘉为建平侯，陇西太守浑邪为平曲侯，赵丞相嘉为江陵侯，故将军布为鄃侯。梁楚二王皆薨。后九月，伐驰道树，殖兰池。
七年冬，废栗太子为临江王。十一月晦，日有食之。春，免徒隶作阳陵者。丞相青免。二月乙巳，以太尉条侯周亚夫为丞相。四月乙巳，立胶东王太后为皇后。丁巳，立胶东王为太子。名彻。
中元年，封故御史大夫周苛孙平为绳侯，故御史大夫周昌孙左车为安阳侯，四月乙巳，赦天下，赐爵一级。除禁锢。地动。衡山、原都雨雹，大者尺八寸。
中二年二月，匈奴入燕，遂不和亲。三月，召临江王来。即死中尉府中。夏，立皇子越为广川王，子寄为胶东王。封四侯。九月甲戌，日食。
A11.11…14
In the winter of the third year of Zhongyuan (147 BC), the position of the Chief Censor in the vassal kingdoms was abolished. In the spring, two kings of Huns led their tribes to surrender and were both granted the title of Marquis. The prince Liu Fangcheng was enthroned as the King of Qinghe. In March, a comet appeared in the northwest of the sky. Prime Minister Zhou Yafu was dismissed and Liu She, the Marquis of Tao, was appointed as Prime Minister. In April, an earthquake occurred. On the last day of the ninth month, a solar eclipse occurred. Troops were stationed outside the Dongdu Gate of the capital.
In March of the fourth year of Zhongyuan (146 BC), the Deyang Palace was built. A great locust plague occurred. In the autumn, the prisoners who were building Yangling were pardoned.
In the summer of the fifth year of Zhongyuan (145 BC), the emperor enthroned the prince Liu Shun as the King of Changshan. He enfeoffed ten marquises. On the Dingsi day of the sixth month, he granted amnesty to the whole country and granted each citizen a higher class title. Severe floods occurred throughout the country. The prime minister (Cheng Xiang) of each vassal state was renamed as Xiang. In the autumn, an earthquake occurred.
On the Jimao day of February of the sixth year of Zhongyuan (144 BC), the emperor came to Yong County and offered sacrifices to the Five Emperors Temple. In March, hail fell. In April, King Xiao of Liang, King Gong of Chengyang and King of Runan all died. King Xiao of Liang’s son Liu Ming was made the King of Jichuan, Liu Pengli was made the King of Jidong, Liu Ding was made the King of Shanyang, and Liu Bushi was made the King of Jiyin. The original Liang State was divided into five. Four people were enfeoffed as marquises. The official title of Tingwei was renamed Dali, Jiangzuo Shaofu was renamed Jiangzuo Dajiang, the Zhongwei of Zhujue was renamed Duwei, the Changxin Zhanshi was renamed Changxin Shaofu, the Jiangxing was renamed Dachangqiu, the Daxing was renamed Xingren, the Fengchang was renamed Taichang, the Dianke was renamed Daxing, and the Zhisu Neishi was renamed Danong. The Danei, who was in charge of the Danei warehouse, was made an official of the 2,000-stone level, and the left and right Neiguan were set up to make them subordinate to the Danei. On the day of Xinhai in July, there was a solar eclipse. In August, the Huns invaded Shangjun.
中三年冬，罢诸侯御史中丞。春，匈奴王二人率其徒来降，皆封为列侯。立皇子方乘为清河王。三月，彗星出西北。丞相周亚夫免，以御史大夫桃侯刘舍为丞相。四月，地动。九月戊戌晦，日食。军东都门外。
中四年三月，置德阳宫。大蝗。秋，赦徒作阳陵者。
中五年夏，立皇子舜为常山王。封十侯。六月丁巳，赦天下，赐爵一级。天下大潦。更命诸侯丞相曰相。秋，地动。
中六年二月己卯，行幸雍，郊见五帝。三月，雨雹。四月，梁孝王、城阳共王、汝南王皆薨。立梁孝王子明为济川王，子彭离为济东王，子定为山阳王，子不识为济阴王。梁分为五。封四侯。更命廷尉为大理，将作少府为将作大匠，主爵中尉为都尉，长信詹事为长信少府，将行为大长秋，大行为行人，奉常为太常，典客为大行，治粟内史为大农。以大内为二千石，置左右内官，属大内。七月辛亥，日食。八月，匈奴入上郡。
A11.15…18
In the winter of the first year of Houyuan (143 BC), the Zhongdafu Ling was renamed Weiwei. On the Dingyou day of March, a general amnesty was issued, and each citizen was granted a higher-level title. All the officials of 2,000 Stones and the prime ministers of the vassal states were granted the title of Youshuzhang. In April, an order was issued to allow the people to gather and drink. On the Bingxu day of May, an earthquake occurred, and another earthquake occurred during breakfast. The earthquake in Shangyong County lasted for 22 days and the city wall was damaged. On the Yisi day of July, a solar eclipse occurred. Prime Minister Liu She was dismissed. On the Renchen day of August, the Imperial Censor Wei Wan was appointed as Prime Minister and was canonized as Marquis Jianling.
In the first month of the second year of Houyuan (142 BC), three earthquakes occurred in succession within one day. General Zhidu led his army to attack the Huns. An order was issued to allow the people to gather and drink for five days. The imperial edict ordered the internal historians and the counties not to feed horses with grain, and those who violated the order would have their horses taken back by the government. It was stipulated that criminals and slaves were only allowed to wear rough clothes. It was strictly forbidden to use horses to pound rice. Due to the poor harvest that year, the emperor ordered the people of the world not to eat up the food they had harvested that year within a year. Reduce the number of marquises stationed in the capital and let them all return to their fiefdoms. In March, the Huns invaded Yanmen County. In October, the farmland around Changling, the tomb of Emperor Gaozu, was rented to farmers for cultivation. A severe drought occurred. Plagues were prevalent in Hengshan State, Hedong County, and Yunzhong County.
In October of the third year of Houyuan (141 BC), there was a solar and lunar eclipse, and the sun and moon appeared red for five consecutive days. On the last day of December, there was a thunderstorm. The sun turned purple. The five planets, Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, and Saturn, all retrograde and stay near the Taiwei Palace. The moon crossed the sky horizontally. On the Jiayin day of the first month, the crowning ceremony of Crown Prince Liu Che was held. On the Jiazi day, Emperor Xiaojing died. His will granted a higher level title to each of the heirs of his father among the princes and the common people, and 100 coins to each household of the people across the country. The palace maids were sent back to their hometowns and exempted from taxes and corvée for life. The crown prince ascended the throne and became Emperor Xiaowu. In March, the Empress Dowager's younger brother Tian Niu was canonized as Marquis of Wu'an and Tian Sheng as Marquis of Zhouyang. The coffin of Emperor Jing was placed in Yangling.
Taishigong the Grand Historian said: After the rise of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen showed great kindness, and the people of the world were able to live in peace. By the time of Emperor Xiaojing, there was no need to worry about the rebellion of the princes of different surnames. However, Chao Cuo severely deprived the princes of the same surname as their fiefs, which led to the rebellion of the seven states of Wu and Chu, and they jointly attacked the court to the west. This was because the princes were still too powerful, and Chao Cuo did not take the approach of gradually weakening them. It was not until Zhufu Yan made suggestions and gradually weakened the power of the princes that the country was able to stabilize. Isn't the key to national security and danger determined by strategy?
后元年冬，更命中大夫令为卫尉。三月丁酉，赦天下，赐爵一级，中二千石、诸侯相爵右庶长。四月，大酺。五月丙戌，地动，其蚤食时复动。上庸地动二十二日，坏城垣。七月乙巳，日食。丞相刘舍免。八月壬辰，以御史大夫绾为丞相，封为建陵侯。
后二年正月，地一日三动。郅将军击匈奴。酺五日。令内史郡不得食马粟，没入县官。令徒隶衣七緵布。止马舂。为岁不登，禁天下食不造岁。省列侯遣之国。三月，匈奴入雁门。十月，租长陵田。大旱。衡山国、河东、云中郡民疫。
后三年十月，日月皆食赤五日。十二月晦，雷 ，日如紫。五星逆行守太微。月贯天廷中。正月甲寅，皇太子冠。甲子，孝景皇帝崩。遗诏赐诸侯王以下至民为父后爵一级，天下户百钱。出宫人归其家，复无所与。太子即位，是为孝武皇帝。三月，封皇太后弟蚡为武安侯，弟胜为周阳侯。置阳陵。
太史公曰：汉兴，孝文施大德，天下怀安，至孝景，不复忧异姓，而晁错刻削诸侯，遂使七国俱起，合从而西乡，以诸侯太盛，而错为之不以渐也。及主父偃言之，而诸侯以弱，卒以安。安危之机，岂不以谋哉？
The end of A11