213 Of the Strong Wind

A8.80…83

Gaozu withdrew his troops and returned. He passed by Pei County and stayed there. He set up a banquet in Pei Palace and invited his old friends and elders to drink to his heart's content. He recruited 120 children from Pei County and taught them to sing. When he was drunk, Gaozu played the zither and composed a poem himself: "The wind comes strong and the clouds fly. Going back to where the home belongs after the conquest of all countries under the sky. To guard the land for long, how to find the warrior supply?" He ordered the children to learn to sing along. Gaozu then stood up and danced. He was emotional and sad, and shed several lines of tears. He said to the people of Pei County: "People who travel far away miss their hometown. Although I have set my capital in Guanzhong, my soul is willing to return to Pei County after I die. Moreover, as the Duke of Pei, I have finally won the world by exterminating the tyrants and rebels. I have made Pei County as my personal fief land and exempted the people of Pei County from taxes and labor service. They will not be levied for generations." The men and women, elders and friends, of Pei County, drank happily every day, recounting old stories and making fun of themselves. After more than ten days, Gaozu wanted to leave, but the people of Pei County insisted on keeping him. Gaozu said, "I have too many people with me, and my father and brothers cannot afford to support them." So he left. The people of Pei County came out of the city and came to the west of the city to offer wine and food. Gaozu stayed again and set up tents for a three-day banquet. The people of Pei County all kowtowed and said, "Pei County is fortunate to be exempted from taxes and labor service, but Fengyi has not been exempted. I hope Your Majesty will have pity on the people of Fengyi." Gaozu said, "Fengyi is where I grew up, and I will never forget it. I am unwilling to exempt them from taxes and labor service only because the locals followed Yong Chi to betray me and defect to Wei." The people of Pei County insisted on their request, and Gaozu exempted Fengyi from taxes and labor service as well, the same as Pei County. At this time, Gaozu appointed Liu Bi, Marquis of Pei, as King of Wu.

The Han generals pursued Ying Bu's army from the north and south of Taoshui respectively, and both defeated the rebels. They caught up with Ying Bu in Poyang and beheaded him.

Fan Kuai led another army to pacify Daidi and beheaded Chen Xi in Dangcheng.

In November, Emperor Gaozu returned to Chang'an from the front line of the campaign against Ying Bu. In December, Emperor Gaozu said, "Emperor Qin Shi Huang, King Chen She of Chu, King Anli of Wei, King Min of Qi, and King Daoxiang of Zhao all stopped offering sacrifices and had no descendants. Ten households of tomb keepers were assigned to each of them, with 20 households assigned to Emperor Qin Shi Huang and 5 households assigned to Prince Wu Ji of Wei." All officials and people in Dai who were coerced by Chen Xi and Zhao Li were pardoned. Chen Xi's surrendered general said that when Chen Xi was rebelling, King Lu Wan of Yan sent people to Chen Xi's residence to secretly plot with him. Emperor Gaozu sent Marquis Piyang to meet Lu Wan, but Lu Wan claimed to be ill and could not come. Marquis Piyang returned and reported in detail that Lu Wan had shown signs of rebellion. In February, Emperor Gaozu sent Fan Kuai and Zhou Bo to lead troops to attack King Lu Wan of Yan, and pardoned officials and people of Yan who participated in the rebellion. He conferred the title of King of Yan on Prince Liu Jian.

高祖还归，过沛，留。置酒沛宫，悉召故人父老子弟纵酒，发沛中儿得百二十人，教之歌。酒酣，高祖击筑，自为歌诗曰：“大风起兮云飞扬，威加海内兮归故乡，安得猛士兮守四方！”令儿皆和习之。高祖乃起舞，慷慨伤怀，泣数行下。谓沛父兄曰：“游子悲故乡。吾虽都关中，万岁后吾魂魄犹乐思沛。且朕自沛公以诛暴逆，遂有天下，其以沛为朕汤沐邑，复其民，世世无有所与。”沛父兄诸母故人日乐饮极驩，道旧故为笑乐。十余日，高祖欲去，沛父兄固请留高祖。高祖曰：“吾人众多，父兄不能给。”乃去。沛中空县皆之邑西献。高祖复留止，张饮三日。沛父兄皆顿首曰：“沛幸得复，丰未复，唯陛下哀怜之。”高祖曰：“丰吾所生长，极不忘耳，吾特为其以雍齿故反我为魏。”沛父兄固请，乃并复丰，比沛。于是拜沛侯刘濞为吴王。

汉将别击布军洮水南北，皆大破之，追得斩布鄱阳。

樊哙别将兵定代，斩陈狶当城。

十一月，高祖自布军至长安。十二月，高祖曰：“秦始皇帝、楚隐王陈涉、魏安釐王、齐缗王、赵悼襄王皆绝无后，予守冢各十家，秦皇帝二十家，魏公子无忌五家。”赦代地吏民为陈狶、赵利所劫掠者，皆赦之。陈狶降将言狶反时，燕王卢绾使人之狶所，与阴谋。上使辟阳侯迎绾，绾称病。辟阳侯归，具言绾反有端矣。二月，使樊哙、周勃将兵击燕王绾，赦燕吏民与反者。立皇子建为燕王。

212 Rebellions of the Kings

A8.71…79

In October of the tenth year (197 BC), Huainan King Ying Bu, Liang King Peng Yue, Yan King Lu Wan, Jing King Liu Jia, Chu King Liu Jiao, Qi King Liu Fei, and Changsha King Wu Rui all came to Changle Palace to pay homage to Emperor Gaozu. There were no major events in this spring and this summer.

In July, the Superior Emperor died in Liyang Palace. The kings of Chu and Liang came to the funeral. Emperor Gaozu pardoned the prisoners in Liyang. Liyi was renamed Xinfeng.

In August, the prime minister of Zhao Chen Xi rebelled in Daidi. Emperor Gaozu said: "Chen Xi used to be my envoy and was very trustworthy. Daidi is a place I value very much, so I made Chen Xi a marquis and stationed him in Daidi as prime minister. Now he is looting Daidi with Wang Huang and others! The officials and people in Daidi are not guilty, so pardon the officials and people in Daidi." In September, Emperor Gaozu personally attacked Chen Xi to the east. Arriving in Handan, Emperor Gaozu said happily: "I knew he could not succeed if Chen Xi did not go south to occupy Handan and used the Zhang River as a barrier." Hearing that Chen Xi's generals were all former merchants, Emperor Gaozu said: "I know how to deal with these people." He used money to lure Chen Xi's generals, and many of Chen Xi's generals surrendered.

In the eleventh year (196 BC), Emperor Gaozu had not yet completely defeated Chen Xi and others in Handan. Chen Xi's general Hou Chang led more than 10 thousand people to fight guerrilla warfare, Wang Huang stationed in Quni, and Zhang Chun crossed the Yellow River to attack Liaocheng. The Han army sent General Guo Meng and Qi generals to attack and defeated the rebels. The grand commander Zhou Bo entered Dai from Taiyuan, and pacified Daidi. After arriving at Mayi, Zhou Bo was unable to capture it, so he sent troops to destroy it.

Chen Xi's general Zhao Li stationed in Dongyuan, and Emperor Gaozu attacked Dongyuan but failed. More than a month later, the rebel soldiers insulted Emperor Gaozu, and Emperor Gaozu was very angry. When Dongyuan surrendered, Emperor Gaozu ordered those who insulted him to be handed over and beheaded, and those who did not insult him were forgiven. Therefore, the land north of Changshan in Zhao was demarcated, and his son Liu Heng was made the King of Dai, with Jinyang as the capital.

In spring, Han Xin, Marquis of Huaiyin, plotted rebellion in Guanzhong and his three clans were exterminated.

In summer, Peng Yue, King of Liang, plotted rebellion, he was abolished of his title and moved to Shu County; he wanted to rebel again, then he was exterminated of his three clans. Emperor Gaozu made his son Liu Hui the King of Liang and his son Liu You the King of Huaiyang.

In July of autumn, King of Huainan Ying Bu rebelled, annexed the fief of King of Jing Liu Jia to the east, crossed the Huai River to the north, and King of Chu Liu Jiao fled to Xue County. Emperor Gaozu personally went to attack him. He made his son Liu Chang the King of Huainan.

In October of the 11th year (194 BC, Shiji mistook it for 12th year), after Emperor Gaozu attacked Ying Bu's army in Huizu, Ying Bu fled, and Emperor Gaozu ordered other generals to pursue him.

十年十月，淮南王黥布、梁王彭越、燕王卢绾、荆王刘贾、楚王刘交、齐王刘肥、长沙王吴芮皆来朝长乐宫。春夏无事。

七月，太上皇崩栎阳宫。楚王、梁王皆来送葬。赦栎阳囚。更命郦邑曰新丰。

八月，赵相国陈狶反代地。上曰：“狶尝为吾使，甚有信。代地吾所急也，故封狶为列侯，以相国守代，今乃与王黄等劫掠代地！代地吏民非有罪也。其赦代吏民。”九月，上自东往击之。至邯郸，上喜曰：“狶不南据邯郸而阻漳水，吾知其无能为也。”闻狶将皆故贾人也，上曰：“吾知所以与之。”乃多以金啗狶将，狶将多降者。

十一年，高祖在邯郸诛狶等未毕，狶将侯敞将万余人游行，王黄军曲逆，张春渡河击聊城。汉使将军郭蒙与齐将击，大破之。太尉周勃道太原入，定代地。至马邑，马邑不下，即攻残之。

狶将赵利守东垣，高祖攻之，不下。月余，卒骂高祖，高祖怒。城降，令出骂者斩之，不骂者原之。于是乃分赵山北，立子恒以为代王，都晋阳。

春，淮阴侯韩信谋反关中，夷三族。

夏，梁王彭越谋反，废迁蜀；复欲反，遂夷三族。立子恢为梁王，子友为淮阳王。

秋七月，淮南王黥布反，东并荆王刘贾地，北渡淮，楚王交走入薛。高祖自往击之。立子长为淮南王。

十一年，十月，高祖已击布军会甀，布走，令别将追之。

211 Weiyang Palace

A8.64…70

In the seventh year of Han Dynasty (200 BC), Huns came to Mayi to attack Xin the King of Han, who then conspired with Huns to rebel in Taiyuan. Manqiu Chen and Wang Huang of Baitu established the former Zhao general Zhao Li as their king and rebelled, and Emperor Gaozu went to fight the rebels in person. It was cold, and two to three out of ten soldiers had their fingers frozen off. They finally arrived in Pingcheng. The Huns besieged Han army in Pingcheng and withdrew after seven days. Emperor Gaozu ordered Fan Kuai to stay to pacify Daidi, and appointed his brother Liu Zhong as the King of Dai.

In February, Emperor Gaozu arrived in Chang'an from Pingcheng via Zhao and Luoyang. Changle Palace was built, and officials below the prime minister moved to Chang'an to work.

In the eighth year (199 BC), Emperor Gaozu marched eastward to Dongyuan to attack the remaining rebels of Xin the King of Hán.

Prime Minister Xiao built the Weiyang Palaces, including the East Que palace, North Que palace, Front Hall palace, Arsenal storage , and Taicang the food supply storage. When Emperor Gaozu returned, he saw that the palace was very magnificent and was very angry. He said to Xiao He: "The world is in turmoil, people have been troubled by war for many years, and the success or failure of the cause is still unclear. How could the palace be built so luxuriously?" Xiao He said: "The world is not stable yet, so you can take the opportunity to build a palace. Moreover, the emperor regards the four seas as his home. If the palace is not magnificent, it will not be able to show his dignity and majesty, and it can also prevent future generations from expanding it." Only then did Emperor Gaozu feel happy.

Emperor Gaozu went to Dongyuan and passed by Bairen. Guan Gao, the prime minister of Zhao, and others wanted to murder Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Gaozu had a hunch and did not stay in Bairen. Liu Zhong, King of Dai, abandoned his fiefdom and fled, returned to Luoyang privately, and was demoted to Marquis of Heyang.

In the ninth year (198 BC), the conspiracy of Guan Gao and others was discovered and their three clans were exterminated. Emperor Gaozu demoted Zhang Ao the King of Zhao to Marquis Xuanping. In this year, Zhao, Qu, Jing, and Huai, the nobles of Chu, and Tian, the nobles of Qi, ​​were forced to move to Guanzhong.

Weiyang Palace was built. Gaozu solemnly met with the princes and ministers, and set up a banquet in the front hall of Weiyang Palace. Gaozu held the jade cup, stood up and wished the superior emperor a long life, saying: "At first, my father always thought that I was useless and could not manage the business, and was not as hardworking as my  brother. Now, who made more achievements, my brother or me?" The ministers in the hall shouted long live the emperor and laughed for fun.

七年，匈奴攻韩王信马邑，信因与谋反太原。白土曼丘臣、王黄立故赵将赵利为王以反，高祖自往击之。会天寒，士卒堕指者什二三，遂至平城。匈奴围我平城，七日而后罢去。令樊哙止定代地。立兄刘仲为代王。

二月，高祖自平城过赵、雒阳，至长安。长乐宫成，丞相已下徙治长安。

八年，高祖东击韩王信余反寇于东垣。

萧丞相营作未央宫，立东阙、北阙、前殿、武库、太仓。高祖还，见宫阙壮甚，怒，谓萧何曰：“天下匈匈苦战数岁，成败未可知，是何治宫室过度也？”萧何曰：“天下方未定，故可因遂就宫室。且夫天子四海为家，非壮丽无以重威，且无令后世有以加也。”高祖乃说。

高祖之东垣，过柏人，赵相贯高等谋弑高祖，高祖心动，因不留。代王刘仲弃国亡，自归雒阳，废以为合阳侯。

九年，赵相贯高等事发觉，夷三族。废赵王敖为宣平侯。是岁，徙贵族楚昭、屈、景、怀、齐田氏关中。

未央宫成。高祖大朝诸侯群臣，置酒未央前殿。高祖奉玉卮，起为太上皇寿，曰：“始大人常以臣无赖，不能治产业，不如仲力。今某之业所就孰与仲多？”殿上群臣皆呼万岁，大笑为乐。

210 The Superior Emperor

A8.60…63

In the autumn of that year, Li Ji rebelled. Emperor Gaozu personally led the army to attack the rebels, but Li Ji escaped. Li Ji was a general of the Xiang clan. When the Xiang clan failed, Li Ji called himself Duke of Chen, and did not follow Xiang Yu. He escaped and surrendered to Emperor Gaozu, who appointed him as Marquis of Yingchuan. Emperor Gaozu came to Luoyang and summoned all the marquises according to the list. Li Ji was scared, so he rebelled.

In the sixth year (201 BC), Emperor Gaozu met with Taigong every five days, and performed the father-son ceremony like ordinary people. Taigong's Jialing, the family manager, advised Taigong, "There are no two suns in the sky, and there are no two monarchs on the earth. Now the emperor is a son, but he is also a monarch; Taigong is a father, but he is also a subject. How can the monarch kneel down to a subject? In this way, the monarch's majesty and dignity cannot be revealed." Later, when Emperor Gaozu met Taigong, Taigong held a broom, met at the door, and walked backwards. Emperor Gaozu was very surprised and got off the car to support Taigong. Taigong said: "The emperor is the monarch, how can he disturb the laws of the world because of me!" So Gaozu respected Taigong as the Superior Emperor. Gaozu appreciated Jialing's words and rewarded him 500 gold. 

In December, someone wrote a letter to report that Han Xin, the king of Chu, was plotting a rebellion. Gaozu asked the ministers around him, and the ministers wanted to conquer Han Xin. Gaozu adopted Chen Ping's strategy, pretending to tour Yunmengze and meet the princes in Chen County. When Han Xin, the king of Chu, went to greet him, he took the opportunity to capture him. On the same day, Gaozu pardoned the world. Tian Ken came to congratulate, and took the opportunity to persuade Emperor Gaozu, saying: "Your Majesty has captured Han Xin and established the capital in Qin. Qin is a place with superior geographical conditions, surrounded by mountains and rivers, thousands of miles away from the princes, and there are millions of warriors holding long spears. The advantages of Qin are a hundred times stronger than other places. The geographical situation is favorable. Sending troops from here to the princes is like standing on a tall house and pouring water from a bottle down. Qi has the richness of Langya and Jimo in the east, the danger of Mount Tai in the south, the barrier of Zhuohe in the west, and the products of Bohai in the north. The land is two thousand miles in radius, there are millions of warriors holding long spears, and it is thousands of miles away from the princes. The advantages of Qi are ten times stronger than other places. Therefore, these two places can be regarded as East and West Qin. If he is not a close relative of your Majesty, don't make him the King of Qi." Emperor Gaozu said: "Okay." He rewarded him 500 gold. 

A dozen days later, Emperor Gaozu made Han Xin the Marquis of Huaiyin and divided his original fief into two countries. Gaozu said that General Liu Jia had made many military achievements, so he was made King of Jing, ruling the area east of the Huai River. He made his younger brother Liu Jiao the King of Chu, ruling the area west of the Huai River. He made his son Liu Fei the King of Qi, ruling more than 70 cities, and the people who spoke the Qi language all belonged to Qi. Gaozu then assessed the merits and divided the fiefs among the princes. He moved Xin, the King of Hán, to Taiyuan.

其秋，利几反，高祖自将兵击之，利几走。利几者，项氏之将。项氏败，利几为陈公，不随项羽，亡降高祖，高祖侯之颍川。高祖至雒阳，举通侯籍召之，而利几恐，故反。

六年，高祖五日一朝太公，如家人父子礼。太公家令说太公曰：“天无二日，土无二王。今高祖虽子，人主也；太公虽父，人臣也。柰何令人主拜人臣！如此，则威重不行。”后高祖朝，太公拥篲，迎门卻行。高祖大惊，下扶太公。太公曰：“帝，人主也，柰何以我乱天下法！”于是高祖乃尊太公为太上皇。心善家令言，赐金五百斤。

十二月，人有上变事告楚王信谋反，上问左右，左右争欲击之。用陈平计，乃伪游云梦，会诸侯于陈，楚王信迎，即因执之。是日，大赦天下。田肯贺，因说高祖曰：“陛下得韩信，又治秦中。秦，形胜之国，带河山之险，县隔千里，持戟百万，秦得百二焉。地埶便利，其以下兵于诸侯，譬犹居高屋之上建瓴水也。夫齐，东有琅邪、即墨之饶，南有泰山之固，西有浊河之限，北有勃海之利。地方二千里，持戟百万，县隔千里之外，齐得十二焉。故此东西秦也。非亲子弟，莫可使王齐矣。”高祖曰：“善。”赐黄金五百斤。

后十余日，封韩信为淮阴侯，分其地为二国。高祖曰将军刘贾数有功，以为荆王，王淮东。弟交为楚王，王淮西。子肥为齐王，王七十余城，民能齐言者皆属齐。乃论功，与诸列侯剖符行封。徙韩王信太原。

209 How Did He Gain the World

A8.54…59

The Emperor said that Emperor Yi had no descendants, and King Han Xin of Qi was familiar with the customs of Chu, so he was renamed King of Chu and his capital was Xiapi. Peng Yue, the Marquis of Jiancheng, was renamed King of Liang and his capital was Dingtao. Xin, the former King of Hán, stayed as King of Hán and his capital was Yangdi. Wu Rui, the King of Hengshan, was renamed King of Changsha and his capital was Linxiang. Fan Jun's general Mei Xuan had military merits and followed the emperor into Wuguan, so the emperor was grateful to Fan Jun. The fiefs of King Ying Bu of Huainan, King Zang Tu of Yan, and King Zhang Ao of Zhao were the same as before.

The world was generally pacified. Emperor Gaozu made Luoyang his capital, and all the princes were his subjects. Gong Huan, the former King of Linjiang, rebelled against the King of Han for Xiang Yu, and Emperor Gaozu ordered Lu Wan and Liu Jia to besiege Linjiang but failed to capture it. Gong Huan surrendered a few months later and was killed in Luoyang.

In the fifth month, all the soldiers returned to their hometowns. The sons of the princes who stayed in Guanzhong were exempted from corvée for twelve years, and the soldiers who returned to their hometowns were exempted for six years, and they were all given one year's food supply.

Gaozu held a banquet in Nangong, Luoyang. Gaozu said: "The princes and generals, you all should not hide anything from me, and tell me the truth. What is the reason why I can gain the world? What is the reason why Xiang lost the world?" Gao Qi and Wang Ling replied: "Your Majesty is arrogant and likes to insult people, while Xiang Yu is kind and willing to love people. However, Your Majesty sent people to attack cities and seize land, and the surrendered and conquered places were granted to them, and you shared the benefits with the people of the world. Xiang Yu was jealous of virtuous people, framed those who had made contributions, and doubted virtuous people. He won the victory without counting the merits of others, and did not give benefits to others when he seized the land. This is why he lost the world." Gaozu said: "You all only know one aspect, But I don't know  the other side. When it comes to planning strategies in the tent and winning battles thousands of miles away, I am not as good as Zifang (Zhang Liang’s courtesy name, he was also titled Liu Hou, Marquis the Keeper). When it comes to guarding the country, comforting the people, supplying food and wages, and ensuring that the food supply is not blocked, I am not as good as Xiao He. Commanding a million troops, winning battles and attacking, I am not as good as Han Xin. The three of them are all outstanding people, but I can use them, which is why I can get the world. Xiang Yu only has one Fan Zeng but cannot use him, which is why I captured him. "

Gaozu wanted to make Luoyang the capital for a long time. Liu Jing, a Qi man, persuaded Gaozu, and Liu Hou also persuaded Gaozu to enter Guanzhong to build the capital instead. Gaozu set off on the same day and entered Guanzhong to build the capital. In June, a general amnesty was granted.

In October, King of Yan Zang Tu rebelled and captured Daidi. Gaozu personally led the army to attack the rebels, captured the King of Yan Zang Tu, and then appointed Taiwei (the superior captain of the court) Lu Wan as the King of Yan. He sent Prime Minister Fan Kuai to lead the army to attack Dai County.

皇帝曰义帝无后。齐王韩信习楚风俗，徙为楚王，都下邳。立建成侯彭越为梁王，都定陶。故韩王信为韩王，都阳翟。徙衡山王吴芮为长沙王，都临湘。番君之将梅鋗有功，从入武关，故德番君。淮南王布、燕王臧荼、赵王敖皆如故。

天下大定。高祖都雒阳，诸侯皆臣属。故临江王驩为项羽叛汉，令卢绾、刘贾围之，不下。数月而降，杀之雒阳。

五月，兵皆罢归家。诸侯子在关中者复之十二岁，其归者复之六岁，食之一岁。

高祖置酒雒阳南宫。高祖曰：“列侯诸将无敢隐朕，皆言其情。吾所以有天下者何？项氏之所以失天下者何？”高起、王陵对曰：“陛下慢而侮人，项羽仁而爱人。然陛下使人攻城略地，所降下者因以予之，与天下同利也。项羽妒贤嫉能，有功者害之，贤者疑之，战胜而不予人功，得地而不予人利，此所以失天下也。”高祖曰：“公知其一，未知其二。夫运筹策帷帐之中，决胜于千里之外，吾不如子房。镇国家，抚百姓，给饣鬼饟，不绝粮道，吾不如萧何。连百万之军，战必胜，攻必取，吾不如韩信。此三者，皆人杰也，吾能用之，此吾所以取天下也。项羽有一范增而不能用，此其所以为我擒也。”

高祖欲长都雒阳，齐人刘敬说，乃留侯劝上入都关中，高祖是日驾，入都关中。六月，大赦天下。

十月，燕王臧荼反，攻下代地。高祖自将击之，得燕王臧荼。即立太尉卢绾为燕王。使丞相哙将兵攻代。