115 The Passing of Duke Mu

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In the thirty-sixth year (624 BC), Duke Mu treated Meng Ming and others even better and let them lead the army to attack the State of Jin. After crossing the Yellow River, they set fire to their own ships and defeated the Jin army, captured Wangguan and Jiao of Jin, and avenged the defeat in the Battle of Mount Yao. The people of Jin defended the city and did not dare to send out troops. So Duke Mu personally crossed the Yellow River from Maojin, buried the soldiers who died in the battle of Mount Yao, held a funeral for them, and cried for three days. Then he gave the oath to the army: "Ah, soldiers! Everyone listen to me, don't make any noise, I swear to you. In ancient times, people often asked the elderly for advice before doing things so that they would not make mistakes. I want to state that it was because I did not adopt the advice of Jian Shu and Baili xiXi that I was defeated in the battle of Mount Yao. Therefore, I made this oath to let future generations remember my fault." When the gentlemen heard it, they all shed tears and said, "Oh! Duke Mu of Qin treated people with consideration and care, which ultimately led to the victory for Meng Ming and others." 

In the thirty-seventh year (623 BC), Qin adopted You Yu's suggestion to attack the King of Rong, conquered twelve countries, expanded its territory by a thousand lis, and thus dominated the Western Rong. The King of Zhou asked Duke Zhao to bring a golden drum to congratulate Duke Mu. In the thirty-ninth year, Duke Mu died and was buried in Yong. There were 177 people buried with him, including three good ministers of the Qin State, namely, Yanxi, Zhongxing and Zhenhu of the Ziyu clan, who were also among the burial companions. The Qin people were very sad and composed the poem "Yellow Bird" for them. The gentleman said: "Qin Mu openly expanded his territory, conquered the powerful Jin State in the east, and dominated the barbarians in the west, but he did not become the leader of the princes. This is natural. After his death, he abandoned the people and let the good ministers of Qin be buried with him. Moreover, when the ancient kings passed away, they left behind their good virtues and laws. How can later generations take away the good ministers who are loved and respected by the people? From this we can see that Qin can no longer march eastward.” Duke Mu had forty sons, and his crown prince Ying succeeded him, becoming Duke Kang.

十六年，缪公复益厚孟明等，使将兵伐晋，渡河焚船，大败晋人，取王官及鄗，以报殽之役。晋人皆城守不敢出。于是缪公乃自茅津渡河，封殽中尸，为发丧，哭之三日。乃誓于军曰：“嗟士卒！听无譁，余誓告汝。古之人谋黄发番番，则无所过。”以申思不用蹇叔、百里傒之谋，故作此誓，令后世以记余过。君子闻之，皆为垂涕，曰：“嗟乎！秦缪公之与人周也，卒得孟明之庆。”

三十七年，秦用由余谋伐戎王，益国十二，开地千里，遂霸西戎。天子使召公过贺缪公以金鼓。三十九年，缪公卒，葬雍。从死者百七十七人，秦之良臣子舆氏三人名曰奄息、仲行、针虎，亦在从死之中。秦人哀之，为作歌黄鸟之诗。君子曰：“秦缪公广地益国，东服强晋，西霸戎夷，然不为诸侯盟主，亦宜哉。死而弃民，收其良臣而从死。且先王崩，尚犹遗德垂法，况夺之善人良臣百姓所哀者乎？是以知秦不能复东征也。”缪公子四十人，其太子罃代立，是为康公。

114 You Yu and Liao

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King Rong sent You Yu as an envoy to Qin. You Yu's ancestors were from Jin and fled to Rong, but You Yu could still speak the Jin dialect. When King Rong heard that Duke Mu was wise, he sent You Yu to Qin to investigate. Duke Mu of Qin showed You Yu the palaces and wealth of Qin. You Yu said: "Even if the ghosts and gods were asked to build these palaces, they would feel tired. If we let people build it, the people will suffer too much.” Duke Mu was surprised and asked, "China the Central Kingdom use poetry, books, rituals, music and laws to govern the country, but there are still frequent disasters. Now you Rongyi don't have these things, how are you going to govern your country? Isn't this very difficult?" You Yu smiled and said, “This is why disasters often occur in the Central Kingdom. The ancient sage Huangdi established the laws of rites, music and personally took the lead in implementing them, but he only achieved a small peace. In later generations, kings became increasingly arrogant and extravagant. Relying on the power of the law, the monarch harshly criticizes and supervises the subjects below. The subjects below are exhausted to the extreme and will resent the monarch and hope that benevolence and righteousness will be practiced. In this way, the monarch and the lower classes will resent each other, which will lead to usurpation of the throne, regicide, and even the extermination of the entire family. Disasters are caused by this kind of reasons. But it is not the case with the Rongyi. The superior treats the inferior with kindness, and the inferior serves the superior with loyalty. Governing the country is like taking care of one's own body. There is no need to know how to govern. This is the way a true sage governs a country. " After the court session, Duke Mu asked the Internal Historian Liao, "I heard that if a sage appears in a neighboring country, it will be a threat to the enemy country. Now You Yu is too virtuous and will become a disaster for me, what should I do? " Liao, the Internal Historian, said: "King Rong lives in a remote place and has never heard the music of the Central Kingdom. You can try to send entertaining girls to King Rong to weaken his will, and then ask for credit on behalf of You Yu to alienate their relationship. You can also keep You Yu from going back and delay his return deadline. This way it would certainly make King Rong feel strange and start to suspect You Yu. Once a gap is created between the monarch and his subjects, they can be captured. Besides, if the King of Rong falls in love with the music of the Central Kingdom, he will definitely neglect state affairs.” Duke Mu said, "Okay." So he sat around with You Yu, toasted each other, and ate together. He asked You Yu about the topography and military situation in Rong land, and then asked the Internal Historian Liao to send sixteen entertaining girls to the King of Rong. King Rong was very happy accepting those entertaining girls, and he was so obsessed with them that he totally ignored the state affairs from then on. Only then did the State of Qin allow You Yu to return home. You Yu advised King Rong many times, but King Rong would not listen. Duke Mu sent people to secretly invite You Yu many times, so You Yu left Rongyi and defected to the State of Qin. Duke Mu received him as a guest and asked him about his strategy for conquering the Rong people. 

戎王使由余于秦。由余，其先晋人也，亡入戎，能晋言。闻缪公贤，故使由余观秦。秦缪公示以宫室、积聚。由余曰：“使鬼为之，则劳神矣。使人为之，亦苦民矣。”缪公怪之，问曰：“中国以诗书礼乐法度为政，然尚时乱，今戎夷无此，何以为治，不亦难乎？”由余笑曰：“此乃中国所以乱也。夫自上圣黄帝作为礼乐法度，身以先之，仅以小治。及其后世，日以骄淫。阻法度之威，以责督于下，下罢极则以仁义怨望于上，上下交争怨而相篡弑，至于灭宗，皆以此类也。夫戎夷不然。上含淳德以遇其下，下怀忠信以事其上，一国之政犹一身之治，不知所以治，此真圣人之治也。”于是缪公退而问内史廖曰：“孤闻邻国有圣人，敌国之忧也。今由余贤，寡人之害，将奈之何？”内史廖曰：“戎王处辟匿，未闻中国之声。君试遗其女乐，以夺其志；为由余请，以疏其间；留而莫遣，以失其期。戎王怪之，必疑由余。君臣有间，乃可虏也。且戎王好乐，必怠于政。”缪公曰：“善。”因与由余曲席而坐，传器而食，问其地形与其兵势尽察，而后令内史廖以女乐二八遗戎王。戎王受而说之，终年不还。于是秦乃归由余。由余数谏不听，缪公又数使人间要由余，由余遂去降秦。缪公以客礼礼之，问伐戎之形。

113 Battle at Mount Yao

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At that time, Duke Wen of Jin had not yet been buried. The Crown Prince Xiang of Jin was furious and said, "Qin State bullied me because I had just lost my father and took advantage of the opportunity to capture Hua of my country." So he dyed his mourning clothes black and led his army to intercept the Qin army at Mount Yao, defeating them severely. Not a single Qin soldier escaped. He captured three Qin generals and led his troops back. Duke Wen of Jin's wife was the daughter of Duke Mu of Qin. She pleaded with Duke Xiang of Jin on behalf of the three Qin generals, saying, "Duke Mu hates these three men to the core. I hope you can release them and let our king execute them personally." The King of Jin agreed and released the three generals of Qin. After the three generals returned to Qin, Duke Mu went to the outskirts of the city in plain clothes to greet them. He cried and said to the three generals, "Because I did not listen to the advice of Baili Wei and Jian Shu, you were insulted. What crime have you committed? Prepare yourselves wholeheartedly for revenge and do not slack off." So the three men's previous official positions were restored and they were treated more favorably. 

In the thirty-fourth year (626 BC), Prince Shangchen of Chu killed his father, King Cheng of Chu, and became the new monarch. 

Duke Mu sent Meng Ming and others to lead an army to attack the State of Jin, and they fought against the Jin army at Pengya. The Qin army was defeated and withdrew. 

当是时，晋文公丧尚未葬。太子襄公怒曰：“秦侮我孤，因丧破我滑。”遂墨衰绖，发兵遮秦兵于殽，击之，大破秦军，无一人得脱者。虏秦三将以归。文公夫人，秦女也，为秦三囚将请曰：“缪公之怨此三人入于骨髓，愿令此三人归，令我君得自快烹之。”晋君许之，归秦三将。三将至，缪公素服郊迎，向三人哭曰：“孤以不用百里傒、蹇叔言以辱三子，三子何罪乎？子其悉心雪耻，毋怠。”遂复三人官秩如故，愈益厚之。

三十四年，楚太子商臣弑其父成王代立。

缪公于是复使孟明视等将兵伐晋，战于彭衙。秦不利，引兵归。

112 Qin’s Expedition to Zheng

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Someone from Zheng betrayed Zheng to Qin, saying, "I am in charge of the city gates of Zheng. You can send troops to attack Zheng." Duke Mu asked Jian Shu and Bai Li Xi for their opinions, and they replied, "It will be difficult to attack Zheng after passing through several countries and marching a thousand miles. Moreover, if someone in Zheng State betrayed Zheng State, how could we be sure that no one in our country would tell Zheng State our intelligence? Therefore, it is not recommended to attack Zheng State." Duke Mu said, "Something you don't know that I have already made my decision." So he mobilized the troops to prepare for the expedition, and let Baili Xi's son Meng Ming, Jian Shu's son Xiqishu and Bai Yibing lead the troops. On the day the army set out, Baili Xi and Jian Shu cried for the soldiers. When Duke Mu heard this, he said angrily, "I sent the troops to fight, but you are crying and destroying the morale of my army. What's the reason for this?" The two old men said: "We dare not undermine the morale of the army. It’s just that the army is about to leave, and our sons will follow them. We are already old, and we are worried that if they come back too late, they won’t be able to see us, so we are crying bitterly.” The two old men withdrew and said to their son: "Your army will be defeated, it must be in the dangerous area of Mount Yao." In the spring of the thirty-third year (627 BC), the Qin army marched eastward, passing through the territory of Jin and the north gate of the Zhou capital. King’s grandson Man of Zhou said: "The Qin army does not follow the rules of propriety. What else can they wait for but failure?" When the Qin army arrived at Hua, Xian Gao, a merchant from Zheng, was preparing to take twelve cows to Zhou to sell. When he saw the Qin army, he was worried that he would be captured and killed by the Qin army, so he offered his cows to the Qin army and said, "I heard that the army of a great country is going to attack Zheng. The king of Zheng is seriously strengthening his defenses and has sent me twelve cows to reward the soldiers." After hearing this, the three generals of Qin discussed and said, "We were planning to launch a surprise attack on Zheng, but now Zheng has already known about it. It is useless for us to attack now." The Qin army then destroyed Hua State, a small state on the border of Jin State. 

郑人有卖郑于秦曰：“我主其城门，郑可袭也。”缪公问蹇叔、百里傒，对曰：“径数国千里而袭人，希有得利者。且人卖郑，庸知我国人不有以我情告郑者乎？不可。”缪公曰：“子不知也，吾已决矣。”遂发兵，使百里傒子孟明视，蹇叔子西乞术及白乙丙将兵。行日，百里傒、蹇叔二人哭之。缪公闻，怒曰：“孤发兵而子沮哭吾军，何也？”二老曰：“臣非敢沮君军。军行，臣子与往；臣老，迟还恐不相见，故哭耳。”二老退，谓其子曰：“汝军即败，必于殽阨矣。”三十三年春，秦兵遂东，更晋地，过周北门。周王孙满曰：“秦师无礼，不败何待！”兵至滑，郑贩卖贾人弦高，持十二牛将卖之周，见秦兵，恐死虏，因献其牛，曰：“闻大国将诛郑，郑君谨修守御备，使臣以牛十二劳军士。”秦三将军相谓曰：“将袭郑，郑今已觉之，往无及已。”灭滑。滑，晋之边邑也。

111 Duke Wen of Jin

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In the eighteenth year (642 BC), Duke Huan of Qi died. In the twentieth year, the State of Qin destroyed the States of Liang and Rui. 

In the twenty-second year, Prince Yu of Jin heard that the King of Jin was ill and said, "Liang was my mother's hometown, but it was destroyed by Qin. I have many brothers. When the King of Jin dies, Qin will definitely detain me, and Jin will immediately appoint another prince as the King. " Prince Yu fled back to the State of Jin. In the 23rd year, Duke Hui of Jin died and Prince Yu became the new king. The Qin State resented Prince Yu's escape, so it welcomed Prince Chong'er of Jin from the Chu State to Qin State and let Prince Yu's wife marry Chong'er. Chong'er refused at first, but later accepted it. So Duke Mu treated Chong'er even more generously. In the spring of the twenty-fourth year, Qin sent someone to tell the ministers of Jin that Qin was preparing to let Chong'er return to Jin. The State of Jin agreed, so Duke Mu sent people to escort Chong'er back to the country. In February, Chong'er was made king of Jin, and this was Duke Wen of Jin. Duke Wen sent someone to kill Zi Yu. Zi Yu was Duke Huai of Jin.

In the autumn of that year, King Xiang of Zhou was attacked by the alliance led by his younger brother with the Di people and he fled to the State of Zheng. In the 25th year, King Xiang of Zhou sent messengers to inform Jin and Qin about the chaos in the Zhou Dynasty. Duke Mu of Qin led his army to assist Duke Wen of Jin in escorting King Xiang of Zhou back to the Zhou and killed the king’s younger brother Dai. In the 28th year, Duke Wen of Jin defeated the Chu army in Chengpu. In the 30th year, Duke Mu assisted Duke Wen of Jin in besieging the State of Zheng. Zheng sent a messenger to tell Duke Mu: "Destroying Zheng and treating Jin with kindness is good for Jin, but may not be good for Qin. If Jin becomes strong, it will be a threat to Qin." Duke Mu then withdrew his troops. Subsequently, the State of Jin also withdrew its troops. In the winter of the thirty-second year (628 BC), Duke Wen of Jin died.

十八年，齐桓公卒。二十年，秦灭梁、芮。

二十二年，晋公子圉闻晋君病，曰：“梁，我母家也，而秦灭之。我兄弟多，即君百岁后，秦必留我，而晋轻，亦更立他子。”子圉乃亡归晋。二十三年，晋惠公卒，子圉立为君。秦怨圉亡去，乃迎晋公子重耳于楚，而妻以故子圉妻。重耳初谢，后乃受。缪公益礼厚遇之。二十四年春，秦使人告晋大臣，欲入重耳。晋许之，于是使人送重耳。二月，重耳立为晋君，是为文公。文公使人杀子圉。子圉是为怀公。

其秋，周襄王弟带以翟伐王，王出居郑。二十五年，周王使人告难于晋、秦。秦缪公将兵助晋文公入襄王，杀王弟带。二十八年，晋文公败楚于城濮。三十年，缪公助晋文公围郑。郑使人言缪公曰：“亡郑厚晋，于晋而得矣，而秦未有利。晋之强，秦之忧也。”缪公乃罢兵归。晋亦罢。三十二年冬，晋文公卒。

110 Three Hundred Men

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In the twelfth year of Duke Mu of Qin (648 BC), Guan Zhong and Xi Peng of Qi died. 

Jin was struck by drought, people came to Qin for food aid. Pi Bao advised Duke Mu not to aid, but instead to take advantage of the famine to attack the state of Jin. Duke Mu asked Gongsun Zhi, who replied, "Years of famine and harvests are just in the cycle, so we cannot deny them food." Duke Mu then asked Baili Xi, who answered, "Yiwu offended you, but what crime have Jin people committed?" Therefore Duke Mu adopted their advice and gave Jin grains, transported either by boats or vehicles, continuously from Yong to Jian. 

In the fourteenth year, Qin suffered from famine and asked Jin for food aid. The King of Jin discussed the matter with his ministers. Guo She said: "We should take advantage of the famine in Qin and attack, and we will surely have big success." The King of Jin followed his advice. In the 15th year, the State of Jin sent troops to attack the State of Qin. Duke Mu gathered troops and let Pi Bao lead the army to fight in person. On the Renxu day of the ninth month, the Qin army fought against the Jin army led by Yiwu the Duke Hui in Han. The King of Jin broke away from his army and came alone to fight the Qin army. On his way back, his horse got stuck in the mud. Duke Mu and his men chased on fast horses but failed to capture the King of Jin and were instead surrounded by the Jin army. Duke Mu was attacked by the Jin army and injured. At this moment, there were three hundred men rushed over, who had stolen Duke Mu's horse as food at the foot of Mount Qi. Regardless of the danger, they broke through the encirclement of the Jin army, rescued Duke Mu, and surprisingly caught the King of Jin alive. Sometime before, Duke Mu lost a good horse, which was caught and eaten by more than 300 villagers from Mount Qi. The officials arrested them and prepared to execute them according to law. Duke Mu said: "A gentleman will not harm people for the sake of the livestock. I have heard that eating horse meat without wine drinking will harm your body." So he gave them wine to drink and pardoned them. Now, these three hundred people heard that the Qin was attacked by Jin, they all requested to join the Qin army. Therefore, when they saw that Duke Mu was in trouble, they took up weapons and risked their lives to save him, in order to repay the kindness of being pardoned for stealing and eating the horse. After Duke Mu captured the King of Jin and returned, he issued an order to the whole nation: "I will fast and prepare to sacrifice the King of Jin to the Emperor of Heaven." When the King of Zhou the Son of Heaven heard this, he said, "The King of Jin and I have the same surname." He so requested that the King of Jin be exonerated. When Yiwu's sister, Duke Mu's wife, heard the news, she put on mourning clothes, went barefoot to Duke Mu, and said, "I can't even save my own brother, I am such a shame to my royal husband?" Duke Mu said, "I captured the King of Jin, which I thought was a great achievement, but now the King of Zhou the Son of Heaven is begging for mercy for him, and my wife is also sad for him." He then made an alliance with the King of Jin, which promised him to go back home, allowed him to stay in the most luxurious guest room, and enjoy the top-level food service with seven trios of livestock. In November, Qin sent the King of Jin back to his country. Yiwu offered the land of Hexi and sent Crown Prince Yu to Qin as a hostage.The Qin State married a girl from the royal family of Qin to the crown prince Yu of Jin. At that time, Qin's territory had expanded eastward to the Yellow River. 

十二年，齐管仲、隰朋死。

晋旱，来请粟。丕豹说缪公勿与，因其饥而伐之。缪公问公孙支，支曰：“饥穰更事耳，不可不与。”问百里傒，傒曰：“夷吾得罪于君，其百姓何罪？”于是用百里傒、公孙支言，卒与之粟。以船漕车转，自雍相望至绛。

十四年，秦饥，请粟于晋。晋君谋之群臣。虢射曰：“因其饥伐之，可有大功。”晋君从之。十五年，兴兵将攻秦。缪公发兵，使丕豹将，自往击之。九月壬戌，与晋惠公夷吾合战于韩地。晋君弃其军，与秦争利，还而马騺。缪公与麾下驰追之，不能得晋君，反为晋军所围。晋击缪公，缪公伤。于是岐下食善马者三百人驰冒晋军，晋军解围，遂脱缪公而反生得晋君。初，缪公亡善马，岐下野人共得而食之者三百余人，吏逐得，欲法之。缪公曰：“君子不以畜产害人。吾闻食善马肉不饮酒，伤人。”乃皆赐酒而赦之。三百人者闻秦击晋，皆求从，从而见缪公窘，亦皆推锋争死，以报食马之德。于是缪公虏晋君以归，令于国，齐宿，吾将以晋君祠上帝。周天子闻之，曰“晋我同姓”，为请晋君。夷吾姊亦为缪公夫人，夫人闻之，乃衰绖跣，曰：“妾兄弟不能相救，以辱君命。”缪公曰：“我得晋君以为功，今天子为请，夫人是忧。”乃与晋君盟，许归之，更舍上舍，而馈之七牢。十一月，归晋君夷吾，夷吾献其河西地，使太子圉为质于秦。秦妻子圉以宗女。是时秦地东至河。

109 Li Ke, Yiwu and Chong’er

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In autumn, Duke Mu of Qin personally led his army to attack Jin State and fought with the Jin army in Hequ. Li Ji of Jin rebelled, Crown Prince Shensheng of Jin was killed in Xincheng, and Chong'er and Yiwu fled.

In the ninth year (651 BC), Duke Huan of Qi convened a meeting of the princes at Kuiqiu. 

Duke Xian of Jin died. He established Li Ji's son Xi Qi as the heir apparent, but his minister Li Ke killed Xi Qi. Xun Xi made Zhuozi the king of Jin, and Li Ke killed Zhuozi and Xun Xi. Yiwu sent people to ask the Qin State for help, hoping that the Qin State could help him return to the Jin State Palace. So Duke Mu of Qin agreed to his request and let Baili Xi lead the army to escort Yiwu. Yiwu said to Qin: "If I become the king of Jin, I am willing to cede eight towns of Hexi the areas west of the Yellow River in Jin to Qin." After Yiwu returned to his country, he became the king of Jin State, but he sent Pi Zheng to reject the Qin Dynasty, broke the agreement, refused to hand over the eight towns of Hexi, and killed Li Ke. When Pi Zheng heard this, he was frightened and conspired with Duke Mu of Qin: "The people of Jin actually do not want to support Yiwu, but want to make Chong'er the king. Now Yiwu has broken his agreement with the Qin State and killed Li Ke. This was all the idea of Lu Sheng and Xie Rui. I hope you can use money and property to summon Lu Sheng and Xie Rui to Qin as soon as possible. Once Lu Sheng and Xie Rui arrive in Qin, Chong'er can return to Jin smoothly." Duke Mu agreed and sent someone to accompany Pi Zheng back to Jin to recruit Lü Sheng and Xie Rui. Lu Sheng, Xie Rui and others suspected that Pi Zheng had a conspiracy, so they suggested that Yiwu get rid of him. Pi Zheng's son Pi Bao fled to Qin and advised Duke Mu: "The King of Jin is incompetent and the people are not close to him. Now is the right time to send troops to attack Jin." Duke Mu said: "If the people of Jin did not support Yiwu, then why did he kill the minister Li Ke? Being able to kill the ministers of Jin shows that he can unite the people. " Duke Mu of Qin did not follow his advice, but instead secretly promoted Pi Bao.

秋，缪公自将伐晋，战于河曲。晋骊姬作乱，太子申生死新城，重耳、夷吾出奔。

九年，齐桓公会诸侯于葵丘。

晋献公卒。立骊姬子奚齐，其臣里克杀奚齐。荀息立卓子，克又杀卓子及荀息。夷吾使人请秦，求入晋。于是缪公许之，使百里傒将兵送夷吾。夷吾谓曰：“诚得立，请割晋之河西八城与秦。”及至，已立，而使丕郑谢秦，背约不与河西城，而杀里克。丕郑闻之，恐，因与缪公谋曰：“晋人不欲夷吾，实欲重耳。今背秦约而杀里克，皆吕甥、郤芮之计也。愿君以利急召吕、郤，吕、郤至，则更入重耳便。”缪公许之，使人与丕郑归，召吕、郤。吕、郤等疑丕郑有间，乃言夷吾杀丕郑。丕郑子丕豹奔秦，说缪公曰：“晋君无道，百姓不亲，可伐也。”缪公曰：“百姓苟不便，何故能诛其大臣？能诛其大臣，此其调也。”不听，而阴用豹。

108 Baili Xi

A5.19 

In the fifth year (655 BC), Duke Xian of Jin destroyed Yu and Guo two states, and captured Lord Yu and his senior official Baili Xi. The Jin State had bribed Lord Yu with jade and fine horses, this is the result. Baili Xi was captured, and the Jin State sent him to the Qin State as a slave of the bribe of Duke Mu of Qin. Baili Xi fled from Qin to Wan and was captured by soldiers guarding the border of Chu. Duke Mu heard that Baili Xi was a virtuous and talented man, and wanted to redeem him with a large sum of money, but he was afraid that the people of Chu would not agree, so he sent someone to say to the people of Chu: "Is my wife’s slave Baili Xi at your place? Please let him be redeemed with five sheepskins." The people of Chu agreed to hand over Baili Xi to Qin. At this time, Baili Xi was already in his seventies. Duke Mu released him and discussed with him the issue of governing the country. Baili Xi declined and said, "I am a minister whose country has been destroyed. What is there to discuss?" Duke Mu said, "Lord Yu did not use you, so his country was destroyed. This is not your fault." Duke Mu insisted on asking him for advice, their discussion went on for three days. Duke Mu was very happy and handed over the state affairs to him, Baili Xi then was known as Minister Wugu the Five Sheepskins. Baili Xi refused with humility and said, "I am not as good as my friend Jian Shu. Jian Shu is a virtuous person but the world does not know it. When I was traveling in Qi State, I fell into a difficult situation and had to beg for food in Qi. It was Jian Shu who took me in.” Therefore, I wanted to serve King Wuzhi of Qi, but Jian Shu stopped me, so I avoided the chaos in Qi and came to the Zhou Dynasty. Prince Tui of Zhou liked cattle, so I tried to see him by raising cattle. When Prince Tui wanted to employ me, Jian Shu stopped me again, and I was able to leave and avoid being killed. So I prepared to serve Lord Yu, but it was still Jian Shu who stopped me. I knew clearly that Lord Yu would not use me, but I yearned for fame and fortune, so I decided to stay for the time being. I followed his advice twice and was able to save my own life. And once I didn’t do it, I fell into the disaster that Lord Yu’s country being destroyed. This shows how wise he is.” So Duke Mu sent someone to invite Jian Shu with a large sum of money and appointed him as a senior official.

五年，晋献公灭虞、虢，虏虞君与其大夫百里傒，以璧马赂于虞故也。既虏百里傒，以为秦缪公夫人媵于秦。百里傒亡秦走宛，楚鄙人执之。缪公闻百里傒贤，欲重赎之，恐楚人不与，乃使人谓楚曰：“吾媵臣百里傒在焉，请以五羖羊皮赎之。”。楚人遂许与之。当是时，百里傒年已七十余。缪公释其囚，与语国事。谢曰：“臣亡国之臣，何足问！”缪公曰：“虞君不用子，故亡，非子罪也。”固问，语三日，缪公大说，授之国政，号曰五羖大夫。百里傒让曰：“臣不及臣友蹇叔，蹇叔贤而世莫知。臣常游困于齐而乞食饣至人，蹇叔收臣。臣因而欲事齐君无知，蹇叔止臣，臣得脱齐难，遂之周。周王子穨好牛，臣以养牛干之。及穨欲用臣，蹇叔止臣，臣去，得不诛。事虞君，蹇叔止臣。臣知虞君不用臣，臣诚私利禄爵，且留。再用其言，得脱，一不用，及虞君难：是以知其贤。”于是缪公使人厚币迎蹇叔，以为上大夫。

107 Dukes De, Xuan, Cheng, Mu

A5.14|15|16|17|18

In his first year (677 BC), Duke De of Qin began to live in Dazheng Palace in Yong. One hundred trios of livestock were used in the sacrifices for the Fuzhi temple. Yong would be the place to live by divination. And the future generations would have their horses drink by the Yellow River. Uncle Liang and Uncle Rui came to his court. In the second year (676 BC), at the beginning of the Fu days (summer heat waves), dogs were sacrificed to drive away the poisonous insects. Duke De was established as king when he was thirty-three years old, and he died in his second year on the throne. He had three sons: the eldest son was Duke Xuan, the second son was Duke Cheng, and the youngest son was Duke Mu. The eldest son Duke Xuan was established as the king.

In the first year of Duke Xuan (675 BC), Wei and Yan joined forces attacking the Zhou Dynasty, expelled King Hui of Zhou, and Prince Tui was put on the throne. In the third year (673 BC), Zheng Bo and Guo Shu killed Prince Tui and welcomed King Hui back into the Zhou capital. In the fourth year (672 BC), the Qin State built Mizhi, the Temple for Eastern Emperor. The Qin army and the Jin army fought in Heyang, and Jin was defeated. In the twelfth year (664 BC), Duke Xuan died. Duke Xuan had nine sons, but none of them was made a king. His younger brother Duke Cheng succeeded the throne.

In the first year of Duke Cheng, Liang Bo and Rui Bo came to the court. Duke Huan of Qi attacked Shan Rong first, then Guzhu.

In his fourth year, Duke Cheng died. He has seven sons, but none of them got the throne, his younger brother Duke Mu was made the king. 

In the first year as Duke Mu (659 BC), he personally led the army to attack Maojin and achieved victory. In the fourth year (656 BC), he went to Jin to marry his wife, who was the elder sister of Prince Shen Sheng of Jin. In this year, Duke Huan of Qi attacked Chu and reached Shaoling.

德公元年，初居雍城大郑宫。以牺三百牢祠鄜畤。卜居雍。后子孙饮马于河。梁伯、芮伯来朝。二年，初伏，以狗御蛊。德公生三十三岁而立，立二年卒。生子三人：长子宣公，中子成公，少子穆公。长子宣公立。

宣公元年，卫、燕伐周，出惠王，立王子穨。三年，郑伯、虢叔杀子穨而入惠王。四年，作密畤。与晋战河阳，胜之。十二年，宣公卒。生子九人，莫立，立其弟成公。

成公元年，梁伯、芮伯来朝。齐桓公伐山戎，次于孤竹。

成公立四年卒。子七人，莫立，立其弟缪公。

缪公任好元年，自将伐茅津，胜之。四年，迎妇于晋，晋太子申生姊也。其岁，齐桓公伐楚，至邵陵。

106 Duke Wu of Qin

A5.10|11|12|13 

In the first year of Duke Wu of Qin (697 BC), the Qin army attacked the Peng Xi family at the foot of Mountain Huashan. Duke Wu of Qin lived in Pingyang and sealed the palace. In the third year (before 695), Duke Wu of Qin exterminated Sanfu and others, and also killed their three clans because they had killed Chuzi. Gao Qumi of Zheng killed his king Duke Zhao of Zheng. In the tenth year (688 BC), the Qin army attacked the Rong people in Gui, Hebei and other places and began to establish counties. In the eleventh year (687 BC), the State of Qin began to establish counties in Du and Zheng. The Qin army destroyed Xiaoguo. In the thirteenth year (685 BC), Guan Zhifu, Lian Cheng and other people of Qi killed their monarch Duke Xiang of Qi and replaced him with Gongsun Wuzhi.. The Jin State destroyed the three fiefdoms of Huo, Wei, and Geng. Yonglin of Qi killed Gongsun Wuzhi, Guan Zhifu, and others, and established Duke Huan of Qi as the new monarch. Qi and Jin became powerful states. In the 19th year (679 BC), Quwo of Jin State became Marquis of Jin. And Duke Huan of Qi became an overlord in Juan. In the twentieth year (678 BC), Duke Wu died and was buried at Pingyang in Yong. The Qin State began to bury living people as sacrifice, and sixty-six people were buried. Duke Wu had a son named Bai. Bai did not succeed to the throne and was conferred in Pingyang. Duke Wu's younger brother Duke De of Qin was made king.

武公元年，伐彭戏氏，至于华山下，居平阳封宫。三年，诛三父等而夷三族，以其杀出子也。郑高渠眯杀其君昭公。十年，伐邽、冀戎，初县之。十一年，初县杜、郑。灭小虢。

十三年，齐人管至父、连称等杀其君襄公而立公孙无知。晋灭霍、魏、耿。齐雍廪杀无知、管至父等而立齐桓公。齐、晋为强国。

十九年，晋曲沃始为晋侯。齐桓公伯于鄄。

二十年，武公卒，葬雍平阳。初以人从死，从死者六十六人。有子一人，名曰白，白不立，封平阳。立其弟德公。