208 Emperor Gaozu of Han

A8.51|52|53

Xiang Yu lifted the siege and returned eastward. The King of Han was going to lead his troops back westward but adopted the strategy of Liu Hou and Chen Ping, instead he pursued Xiang Yu to the south of Yangxia, where he stayed, waiting for Han Xin, the King of Qi, and Peng Yue, the Marquis Jiancheng, to meet at a time they all agreed, to attack the Chu army. The King of Han came to Guling, but Han Xin and Peng Yue did not come to meet. The Chu army attacked the Han army and defeated it. The King of Han backed into the camp again and dug deep trenches to defend. The King of Han adopted Zhang Liang's strategy, and at this time Han Xin and Peng Yue came to meet. When Liu Jia entered Chu and besieged Shouchun, the King of Han was defeated in Guling, so he sent an envoy to summon the Grand Marshal Zhou Yin to mobilize all the troops in Jiujiang to welcome Ying Bu, and together they slaughtered Chengfu. Shui He, Liu Jia and the princes of Qi and Liang, all met at Gaixia. The King of Han named Ying Bu the King of Huainan. 

In the fifth year (202 BC), Emperor Gaozu (King of Han) and the armies of the princes attacked the Chu army together and fought a decisive battle with Xiang Yu at Gaixia. Marquis Huaiyin led 300 thousand soldiers alone in the front, General Kong was on the left wing, General Fei was on the right wing, the Emperor was in the rear, and Marquis Jiang and General Chai were behind the Emperor. Xiang Yu's soldiers were about 100 thousand. Huaiyin took the lead in fighting Xiang Yu, but not successful, then retreated. General Kong and General Fei attacked, and the Chu army was not the favored. Huaiyin took the chance to attack again and defeated Xiang Yu at Gaixia. Xiang Yu's soldiers heard the Han soldiers singing Chu songs and thought that the Han army had occupied all Chu land. Xiang Yu was defeated and fled, that’s when the Chu army was really defeated. The King of Han sent the cavalry general Guan Ying to chase Xiang Yu in Dongcheng, beheaded 80 thousand people, and finally brought rough pacification to Chu lands. But the people of Lu County held on for Chu and could not be captured. The King of Han led the armies of the princes to the north and showed Xiang Yu's head to the people of Lu County, and the people of Lu County then surrendered. So the King of Han buried Xiang Yu in Gucheng with the title of Duke of Lu. The King of Han returned to Dingtao, drove into the camp of the King of Qi, and seized his military power.

In the first month of the year, the princes and generals jointly requested to honor the King of Han as the emperor. The King of Han said: "I heard that the title of emperor is only for virtuous people. It is unrealistic and does not fit me. I dare not take the throne of emperor." All the ministers said: "Your Majesty came from a humble background, killed the tyrants and pacified the world. Those who have made contributions are given land and are made princes. If Your Majesty does not claim the title of emperor, everyone will have doubts about their titles. We risk our lives to ask Your Majesty to be the emperor." The King of Han declined three times, but there was no other way, so he said: "If you all think it is beneficial to the country, so be it!" On the Jiawu day, north of Fanshui, the King of Han ascended the throne of the emperor.

项羽解而东归。汉王欲引而西归，用留侯、陈平计，乃进兵追项羽，至阳夏南止军，与齐王信、建成侯彭越期会而击楚军。至固陵，不会。楚击汉军，大破之。汉王复入壁，深堑而守之。用张良计，于是韩信、彭越皆往。及刘贾入楚地，围寿春，汉王败固陵，乃使使者召大司马周殷举九江兵而迎之武王，行屠城父，随何、刘贾、齐梁诸侯皆大会垓下。立武王布为淮南王。

五年，高祖与诸侯兵共击楚军，与项羽决胜垓下。淮阴侯将三十万自当之，孔将军居左，费将军居右，皇帝在后，绛侯、柴将军在皇帝后。项羽之卒可十万。淮阴先合，不利，卻。孔将军、费将军纵，楚兵不利，淮阴侯复乘之，大败垓下。项羽卒闻汉军之楚歌，以为汉尽得楚地，项羽乃败而走，是以兵大败。使骑将灌婴追杀项羽东城，斩首八万，遂略定楚地。鲁为楚坚守不下。汉王引诸侯兵北，示鲁父老项羽头，鲁乃降。遂以鲁公号葬项羽谷城。还至定陶，驰入齐王壁，夺其军。

正月，诸侯及将相相与共请尊汉王为皇帝。汉王曰：“吾闻帝贤者有也，空言虚语，非所守也，吾不敢当帝位。”群臣皆曰：“大王起微细，诛暴逆，平定四海，有功者辄裂地而封为王侯。大王不尊号，皆疑不信。臣等以死守之。”汉王三让，不得已，曰：“诸君必以为便，便国家。”甲午，乃即皇帝位氾水之阳。

207 The Crimes of Xiang Yu

A8.48|49|50

The Chu and Han armies had been at an impasse for a long time, with the young and strong exhausted from marching and fighting, and the old and weak exhausted from transporting supplies. The King of Han and Xiang Yu were talking on both sides of the Guangwu Stream. Xiang Yu wanted to challenge the King of Han alone. The King of Han listed Xiang Yu's crimes and said: "At first, Xiang Yu and I received the order from King Huai, and agreed that whoever entered Guanzhong first would be the king there. Xiang Yu broke the agreement and made me the king of Shu and Han. This is his first crime. Xiang Yu falsely conveyed the order of King Huai to kill Song Yi, the champion of the nobles, and appointed himself as the general. This is his second crime. After Xiang Yu rescued Zhao, he should have gone back to report, but he hijacked the troops of the princes and entered Guanzhong without authorization. This is his third crime. King Huai agreed that no violence or looting should be committed when entering Qin, but Xiang Yu burned down the Qin palace, dug up the tomb of the First Emperor, and secretly collected its property. This is his fourth crime. Xiang Yu also forcibly killed the surrendered King Ziying of Qin. This is his fifth crime. Xiang Yu used deception to kill 200 thousand Qin soldiers in Xin'an and made their generals kings. This is his sixth crime. Xiang Yu appointed his generals as kings in good places, but drove away the original monarchs, causing his subjects to rebel. This is his seventh charge. Xiang Yu drove Emperor Yi from Pengcheng and built his capital there, taking away the fief of King Hán (韩), ruling Liang and Chu together, and giving himself more land. This is his eighth charge. Xiang Yu sent people to assassinate Emperor Yi in Jiangnan. This is his ninth charge. As a minister of others, he killed his monarch, killed those who had surrendered, handled political affairs unfairly, and presided over agreements without keeping his word. People all over the world could not tolerate this, which was a great rebellion. This is his tenth charge. I lead the righteous army and follow the princes to kill the cruel and tyrannical thieves. And let the criminals who have been punished kill Xiang Yu. Why should I fight you in single combat?" Xiang Yu was very angry, and the ambushed crossbowmen shot the King of Han. The King of Han was wounded in the chest, but he covered his foot and said, "The thief shot my toe!" The King of Han was wounded and bedridden. Zhang Liang asked the King of Han to get up and inspect and comfort the soldiers to stabilize the army and prevent the Chu army from taking advantage of the victory to attack the Han army. The King of Han came out to inspect the army, and his injuries worsened, so he drove into Chenggao.

After the King of Han recovered from his injury, he went west into Guanzhong and arrived in Liyang. He comforted the local people, set up a banquet, and beheaded Sima Xin, the former King of Sai, in the street market of Liyang. After four days, the King of Han returned to the army again and was stationed in Guangwu. The soldiers in Guanzhong set out to reinforce.

At this time, Peng Yue led his soldiers to a station in Liangdi, harassing the Chu army and cutting off their food supply. Tian Heng went to join Peng Yue. Xiang Yu attacked Peng Yue and others many times, and Han Xin, the King of Qi, marched to attack the Chu army again. Xiang Yu was very scared, so he agreed with the King of Han to divide the world equally, dividing the land west of the Honggou to the Han State and the land east of the Honggou to the Chu State. King Xiang returned the parents, wife, and children of King of Han. The Han army shouted "Long live the King" and then retreated.

汉王项羽相与临广武之间而语。项羽欲与汉王独身挑战。汉王数项羽曰：“始与项羽俱受命怀王，曰先入定关中者王之，项羽负约，王我于蜀汉，罪一。项羽矫杀卿子冠军而自尊，罪二。项羽已救赵，当还报，而擅劫诸侯兵入关，罪三。怀王约入秦无暴掠，项羽烧秦宫室，掘始皇帝冢，私收其财物，罪四。又强杀秦降王子婴，罪五。诈阬秦子弟新安二十万，王其将，罪六。项羽皆王诸将善地，而徙逐故主，令臣下争叛逆，罪七。项羽出逐义帝彭城，自都之，夺韩王地，并王梁楚，多自予，罪八。项羽使人阴弑义帝江南，罪九。夫为人臣而弑其主，杀已降，为政不平，主约不信，天下所不容，大逆无道，罪十也。吾以义兵从诸侯诛残贼，使刑余罪人击杀项羽，何苦乃与公挑战！”项羽大怒，伏弩射中汉王。汉王伤匈，乃扪足曰：“虏中吾指！”汉王病创卧，张良强请汉王起行劳军，以安士卒，毋令楚乘胜于汉。汉王出行军，病甚，因驰入成皋。

病愈，西入关，至栎阳，存问父老，置酒，枭故塞王欣头栎阳市。留四日，复如军，军广武。关中兵益出。

当此时，彭越将兵居梁地，往来苦楚兵，绝其粮食。田横往从之。项羽数击彭越等，齐王信又进击楚。项羽恐，乃与汉王约，中分天下，割鸿沟而西者为汉，鸿沟而东者为楚。项王归汉王父母妻子，军中皆呼万岁，乃归而别去。

206 Li Sheng Cooked

A8.43…47

The King of Han fled, alone with Duke Teng, he drove out of Yumen from Chenggao, crossed the Yellow River to the north, and drove to Xiuwu and stayed there. The King of Han claimed to be an envoy, drove into the camp of Zhang Er and Han Xin in the morning, and seized their military power, so he ordered Zhang Er to recruit soldiers from Zhao to the north for reinforcement, and ordered Han Xin to attack Qi to the east. The King of Han got Han Xin's army, and his morale was revived. He led his army to the Yellow River, and rewarded the soldiers to the south of Xiaoxiuwu, ready to fight again. Zheng Zhong, a court Attendant, then advised the King of Han to rely on high fortifications and deep trenches and not to fight Xiang Yu. The King of Han adopted his strategy and sent Lu Wan and Liu Jia to lead 20,000 soldiers and hundreds of cavalry to cross the river from Baimajin and enter Chu. Together with Peng Yue, they defeated the Chu army again to the west of the outer city of Yan County, and finally recaptured more than ten cities in Liangdi.

After receiving the order, the Marquis of Huaiyin marched eastward, but did not cross the Yellow River in the plain. The King of Han sent Li Sheng to persuade the King of Qi, Tian Guang, to rebell against Chu, reconciled with Han, and attacked Xiang Yu together. Han Xin adopted Kuai Tong's strategy and eventually defeated Qi. But the King of Qi cooked and killed Li Sheng, and fled east to Gaomi. On hearing that Han Xin had led soldiers north of the Yellow River to defeat Qi and Zhao, and wanted to attack Chu, Xiang Yu sent Long Qie and Zhou Lan to stop him. Han Xin fought Chu, and the cavalry general Guan Ying attacked and defeated the Chu army, and killed Long Qie. The King of Qi, Tian Guang, defected to Peng Yue. At this time, Peng Yue led his soldiers to station in Liangdi, harassing the Chu army and cutting off their food supply.

In the fourth year (203 BC), Xiang Yu said to Cao Jiu, the Grand Marshal of Haichun: "Guard Chenggao carefully. If the Han army challenges you, don't fight them, just prevent them from going east. I will take care of Liangdi within 15 days and then we will meet up." He then sent troops to attack Chenliu, Waihuang, and Suiyang and got them all. As expected, the Han army challenged the Chu army many times, but the Chu army did not fight. The Han army sent people to insult the Chu army for six days in a row. The Grand Marshal was very angry and asked the soldiers to cross the Sishui River. When half of the soldiers crossed, the Han army launched an attack, defeated the Chu army, and seized all the gold and jade treasures of the Chu State. Grand Marshal Cao Ju and Chief Clerk Sima Xin both committed suicide by the Sishui River. Xiang Yu came to Suiyang and heard that Haichunhou was defeated, so he led his army back. The Han army was besieging Zhongli Mei east of Xingyang when Xiang Yu arrived and the Han army retreated to a dangerous area.

After Han Xin conquered Qi, he sent a messenger to tell the King of Han: "Qi is close to Chu and does not have enough power. It won't be stable unless it has a king." The King of Han wanted to attack Han Xin. Liu Hou said: "Why not take this opportunity to make him the King of Qi and let him guard Qi for you." The King of Han sent Zhang Liang with a seal to make Han Xin the King of Qi.

When Xiang Yu heard that Long Jiu's army was defeated, he was very scared and sent Wu She from Xutai to persuade Han Xin. Han Xin won't listen.

汉王跳，独与滕公共车出成皋玉门，北渡河，驰宿脩武。自称使者，晨驰入张耳、韩信壁，而夺之军。乃使张耳北益收兵赵地，使韩信东击齐。汉王得韩信军，则复振。引兵临河，南飨军小脩武南，欲复战。郎中郑忠乃说止汉王，使高垒深堑，勿与战。汉王听其计，使卢绾、刘贾将卒二万人，骑数百，渡白马津，入楚地，与彭越复击破楚军燕郭西，遂复下梁地十余城。

淮阴已受命东，未渡平原。汉王使郦生往说齐王田广，广叛楚，与汉和，共击项羽。韩信用蒯通计，遂袭破齐。齐王烹郦生，东走高密。项羽闻韩信已举河北兵破齐、赵，且欲击楚，则使龙且、周兰往击之。韩信与战，骑将灌婴击，大破楚军，杀龙且。齐王广奔彭越。当此时，彭越将兵居梁地，往来苦楚兵，绝其粮食。

四年，项羽乃谓海春侯大司马曹咎曰：“谨守成皋。若汉挑战，慎勿与战，无令得东而已。我十五日必定梁地，复从将军。”乃行击陈留、外黄、睢阳，下之。汉果数挑楚军，楚军不出，使人辱之五六日，大司马怒，度兵汜水。士卒半渡，汉击之，大破楚军，尽得楚国金玉货赂。大司马咎、长史欣皆自刭汜水上。项羽至睢阳，闻海春侯破，乃引兵还。汉军方围钟离眛于荥阳东，项羽至，尽走险阻。

韩信已破齐，使人言曰：“齐边楚，权轻，不为假王，恐不能安齐。”汉王欲攻之。留侯曰：“不如因而立之，使自为守。”乃遣张良操印绶立韩信为齐王。

项羽闻龙且军破，则恐，使盱台人武涉往说韩信。韩信不听。

205 Chenggao Surrounded

A8.39…42

The King of Han was stationed in the south of Xingyang and built a corridor to connect with the Yellow River to transport food supplies from Ao Cang. The Han army and Xiang Yu were in a stalemate for more than a year. Xiang Yu repeatedly harassed the Han army's corridor, and the Han army lacked food. Xiang Yu finally surrounded the King of Han. The King of Han asked for reconciliation and proposed the condition of assigning the west of Xingyang to the Han State. King Xiang refused. The King of Han was very worried about this, so he adopted Chen Ping's strategy and gave Chen Ping 40,000 kilograms of gold to alienate the relationship between the monarch and his subjects in Chu. So Xiang Yu began to suspect Yafu. At that time, Yafu persuaded Xiang Yu to take the opportunity to capture Xingyang. When he was suspected, he felt very angry and asked to resign and go home on the grounds of old age. He died before he reached Pengcheng.

The Han army ran out of food, so they released more than 2,000 women from the east gate at night, wearing armor, and the Chu army besieged them from all sides. General Ji Xin took the King of Han's carriage and pretended to be the King of Han to deceive the Chu army. The soldiers of Chu shouted hooray and all went to the east of the city to watch. Because of this, the King of Han was able to escape from the west gate with dozens of cavalrymen. The King of Han ordered the Imperial Censor Zhou Ke, Wei Bao, and Cong Gong to guard Xingyang. All the generals and soldiers who could not accompany them stayed in the city. Zhou Ke and Cong Gong discussed with each other and said, "Wei Bao is the king of a rebellious country. It is difficult to defend the city with him." So they killed Wei Bao.

When the King of Han left Xingyang and entered Guanzhong, he gathered the remaining soldiers and wanted to march east again. Yuan Sheng advised the King of Han, "The Han army and the Chu army have been in a stalemate in Xingyang for several years, and the Han army is always in trouble. I hope that the king will attack from Wuguan. Xiang Yu will definitely lead his troops to flee southward. The king will use deep trenches and high fortifications to allow the soldiers between Xingyang and Chenggao to rest temporarily. Send Han Xin and others to pacify Zhao land north of the Yellow River and unite with Yan and Qi. It is not too late for the king to go to Xingyang. In this way, the Chu army will have many places to defend, and the troops will be dispersed. The Han army will be able to rest and fight with the Chu army again, and will definitely be able to defeat the Chu army." The King of Han adopted his strategy and stationed troops between Wan County and Ye County, and he and Ying Bu gathered the remaining troops along the way. 

When Xiang Yu heard that the King of Han was in Wan County, he led his troops to the south. The King of Han held the camp and did not fight with the Chu army. At that time, Peng Yue crossed the Sui River and fought with Xiang Sheng and Xue Gong in Xiapi, and Peng Yue defeated the Chu army. Xiang Yu led his troops to the east to attack Peng Yue. The King of Han also led his troops northward and stationed in Chenggao. After Xiang Yu defeated Peng Yue, he heard that the King of Han had stationed in Chenggao again, so he led his troops westward again, captured Xingyang, killed Zhou Ke and Cong Gong, captured Xin the King of Han, and finally surrounded Chenggao.

汉王军荥阳南，筑甬道属之河，以取敖仓。与项羽相距岁余。项羽数侵夺汉甬道，汉军乏食，遂围汉王。汉王请和，割荥阳以西者为汉。项王不听。汉王患之，乃用陈平之计，予陈平金四万斤，以间疏楚君臣。于是项羽乃疑亚父。亚父是时劝项羽遂下荥阳，及其见疑，乃怒，辞老，愿赐骸骨归卒伍，未至彭城而死。

汉军绝食，乃夜出女子东门二千余人，被甲，楚因四面击之。将军纪信乃乘王驾，诈为汉王，诳楚，楚皆呼万岁，之城东观，以故汉王得与数十骑出西门遁。令御史大夫周苛、魏豹、枞公守荥阳。诸将卒不能从者，尽在城中。周苛、枞公相谓曰：“反国之王，难与守城。”因杀魏豹。

汉王之出荥阳入关，收兵欲复东。袁生说汉王曰：“汉与楚相距荥阳数岁，汉常困。愿君王出武关，项羽必引兵南走，王深壁，令荥阳成皋间且得休。使韩信等辑河北赵地，连燕齐，君王乃复走荥阳，未晚也。如此，则楚所备者多，力分，汉得休，复与之战，破楚必矣。”汉王从其计，出军宛叶间，与黥布行收兵。

项羽闻汉王在宛，果引兵南。汉王坚壁不与战。是时彭越渡睢水，与项声、薛公战下邳，彭越大破楚军。项羽乃引兵东击彭越。汉王亦引兵北军成皋。项羽已破走彭越，闻汉王复军成皋，乃复引兵西，拔荥阳，诛周苛、枞公，而虏韩王信，遂围成皋。

204 Zhang Er the King of Zhao.

A8.34…38

At that time, King Xiang attacked Qi in the north, and Tian Rong fought him in Chengyang. Tian Rong was defeated and fled to Pingyuan, where he was killed by the people of Pingyuan. Qi surrendered to Chu. The Chu army then burnt the city of Qi and abducted their children. The people of Qi rebelled against Chu again. Tian Rong's brother Tian Heng established Tian Rong's son Tian Guang as the King of Qi, and the King of Qi rebelled against Chu in Chengyang. Although Xiang Yu heard that the Han army was heading east, after fighting with the Qi army continuously, he wanted to defeat the Qi army thoroughly before fighting the Han army. Because of this, the King of Han was able to hijack the armies of the five princes and finally entered Pengcheng. After hearing this, Xiang Yu led his troops to leave Qi, set out from Huling via Lu County, and arrived in Xiao County. He fought the Han army at the Sui River east of Lingbi in Pengcheng defeated the Han army and killed many soldiers, and the Sui River could not flow because of the blockage of corpses. The Chu army captured the parents, wife, and children of the King of Han in Pei County and placed them in the army as hostages. At this time, seeing the Chu army was strong and the Han army was defeated, the princes all turned their backs on the King of Han and returned to Chu. Sima Xin, the King of Sai, fled to Chu.

Zhou Lühou, the elder brother of Empress Lü, led an army for the Han army and was stationed in Xiayi. The King of Han came to him and gradually gathered the scattered soldiers stationed in Dang County. The King of Han then passed through Liangdi to the west and came to Yu County. He sent Sui He, the messenger, to the residence of Jiujiang King Ying Bu. The King of Han said: "If you can get Ying Bu to rebel against Chu, Xiang Yu will stay and attack Jiujiang. If you can delay him for a few months, I will be able to seize the world." Sui He went to persuade Jiujiang King Ying Bu, and Ying Bu indeed betrayed Chu. Chu sent Long Ju to attack Jiujiang.

When the King of Han was defeated in Pengcheng and retreated westward, he sent people to look for his family on the road, but his family also fled and he could not meet them. After the defeat, only Emperor Xiaohui was found. In June, he was made the crown prince,  and the King of Han pardoned the criminals. The King of Han ordered the crown prince to garrison in Liyang, and the sons of the princes in Guanzhong gathered in Liyang for defense. The Han army diverted water to flood Feiqiu, and Feiqiu surrendered, and Zhang Han committed suicide. The King of Han was renamed Feiqiu Huaili. At this time, he ordered the temple officials to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth, the four directions, the God, and the mountains and rivers, and to offer sacrifices according to the seasons in the future. The Han army recruited soldiers from Guannei to defend the border.

At that time, Jiujiang King Ying Bu fought Long Ju and could not win, so he and Sui He took a small road to join the Han State. The King of Han gradually gathered the fleeing soldiers, and the generals and soldiers in Guanzhong went out to reinforce, so the morale of Xingyang was boosted, and defeated the Chu army in Jing and Suo.

In the third year (204 BC), King Bao of Wei asked to go home to visit his sick parents. When he arrived in Wei, he cut off the Yellow River crossing, rebelled against the Han, and joined Chu. The King of Han sent Li Sheng to persuade Wei Bao, but Wei Bao did not listen. The King of Han sent General Han Xin to attack the State of Wei, defeated the Wei army, and captured Wei Bao. The Han army finally pacified the Wei territory and established three prefectures, namely Hedong, Taiyuan, and Shangdang. The King of Han then ordered Zhang Er and Han Xin to attack the State of Zhao via Jingxing in the east, beheading Chen Yu and King Xie of Zhao. The next year, Zhang Er was made King of Zhao.

是时项王北击齐，田荣与战城阳。田荣败，走平原，平原民杀之。齐皆降楚。楚因焚烧其城郭，系虏其子女。齐人叛之。田荣弟横立荣子广为齐王，齐王反楚城阳。项羽虽闻汉东，既已连齐兵，欲遂破之而击汉。汉王以故得劫五诸侯兵，遂入彭城。项羽闻之，乃引兵去齐，从鲁出胡陵，至萧，与汉大战彭城灵壁东睢水上，大破汉军，多杀士卒，睢水为之不流。乃取汉王父母妻子于沛，置之军中以为质。当是时，诸侯见楚强汉败，还皆去汉复为楚。塞王欣亡入楚。

吕后兄周吕侯为汉将兵，居下邑。汉王从之，稍收士卒，军砀。汉王乃西过梁地，至虞。使谒者随何之九江王布所，曰：“公能令布举兵叛楚，项羽必留击之。得留数月，吾取天下必矣。”随何往说九江王布，布果背楚。楚使龙且往击之。

汉王之败彭城而西，行使人求家室，家室亦亡，不相得。败后乃独得孝惠，六月，立为太子，大赦罪人。令太子守栎阳，诸侯子在关中者皆集栎阳为卫。引水灌废丘，废丘降，章邯自杀。更名废丘为槐里。于是令祠官祀天地四方上帝山川，以时祀之。兴关内卒乘塞。

是时九江王布与龙且战，不胜，与随何间行归汉。汉王稍收士卒，与诸将及关中卒益出，是以兵大振荥阳，破楚京、索间。

三年，魏王豹谒归视亲疾，至即绝河津，反为楚。汉王使郦生说豹，豹不听。汉王遣将军韩信击，大破之，虏豹。遂定魏地，置三郡，曰河东、太原、上党。汉王乃令张耳与韩信遂东下井陉击赵，斩陈余、赵王歇。其明年，立张耳为赵王。

203 Revenge for the Righteous Emperor

A8.29…33

In August, the King of Han adopted Han Xin's strategy and returned to Guanzhong from the original route to attack Zhang Han, the King of Yong. Zhang Han met the Han army in Chencang, and the Yong army was defeated and retreated; they stopped fighting in Haozhi, were defeated again, and fled to Feiqiu. The King of Han finally pacified Yongdi. The army marched east to Xianyang, led the troops to besiege the King of Yong in Feiqiu, and sent generals to capture Longxi, Beidi, and Shangjun. The King of Han ordered General Xue Ou and Wang Xi to set out from Wuguan, relying on Wang Ling's army stationed in Nanyang, to go to Pei County to welcome Taigong and Empress Lü. When the State of Chu heard about it, it sent troops to block the Han army in Yangxia, and then the Han army was unable to move forward. Xiang Yu appointed Zheng Chang, the former magistrate of Wu County, as the King of Han to stop the Han army.

In the second year (205 BC), the King of Han attacked cities to the east, and Sima Xin, the King of Sai, Dong Yi, the King of Di, and Shen Yang, the King of Henan, all surrendered. Zheng Chang, the King of Han, was unwilling to surrender, so the King of Han sent Han Xin to defeat him. So the King of Han established Longxi, Beidi, Shangjun, Weinan, Heshang, Zhongdi, and other counties, and also established Henan County outside the pass. Han Xin, the grand marshal of Han, was appointed as the new King of Han. The generals who led 10,000 people or a county to surrender were rewarded 10,000 households. The strongholds on the river were repaired. The gardens and ponds that originally belonged to the Qin Dynasty were distributed to the people for cultivation. In the first month, the Han army captured Zhang Ping, the younger brother of the King of Yong. The King of Han pardoned the criminals.

When the King of Han came to Shan County after leaving Hangu Pass, he comforted the people outside the pass. After the King of Han returned, Zhang Er came to see him and the King of Han treated him very well.

In February, the King of Han ordered to abandon the Ancestral Temple Qin and established the Ancestral Temple of Han.

In March, the King of Han crossed the Yellow River in Linjin, and King Bao of Wei led his army to follow. The Han army captured Henei, captured King Yin, and established Henei County. The Han army crossed the river from Ferry Pingyin to the south and arrived in Luoyang. Dong Gong, the three elders of Xincheng, stopped the King of Han and told him the cause of Emperor Yi's death. When the King of Han heard about it, he bared his upper body and cried loudly, so he held a funeral for Yidi the Righteous Emperor and mourned for three days. He sent messengers to inform the princes, saying: "The princes of the world jointly supported the Righteous Emperor and served him facing north. Now Xiang Yu exiled the Righteous Emperor and killed him in the south of the Yangtze River. This is such an ugly treason. I will personally hold a funeral for the Righteous Emperor and the princes must wear mourning clothes. I'll dispatch all the troops across the Pass, gather all the warriors from the Three Rivers, cross the Yangtze River and the Han River to the south, and follow the princes and Kings to attack the people of Chu who killed the Righteous Emperor."

八月，汉王用韩信之计，从故道还，袭雍王章邯。邯迎击汉陈仓，雍兵败，还走；止战好畤，又复败，走废丘。汉王遂定雍地。东至咸阳，引兵围雍王废丘，而遣诸将略定陇西、北地、上郡。令将军薛欧、王吸出武关，因王陵兵南阳，以迎太公、吕后于沛。楚闻之，发兵距之阳夏，不得前。令故吴令郑昌为韩王，距汉兵。

二年，汉王东略地，塞王欣、翟王翳、河南王申阳皆降。韩王昌不听，使韩信击破之。于是置陇西、北地、上郡、渭南、河上、中地郡；关外置河南郡。更立韩太尉信为韩王。诸将以万人若以一郡降者，封万户。缮治河上塞。诸故秦苑囿园池，皆令人得田之，正月，虏雍王弟章平。大赦罪人。

汉王之出关至陕，抚关外父老，还，张耳来见，汉王厚遇之。

二月，令除秦社稷，更立汉社稷。

三月，汉王从临晋渡，魏王豹将兵从。下河内，虏殷王，置河内郡。南渡平阴津，至雒阳。新城三老董公遮说汉王以义帝死故。汉王闻之，袒而大哭。遂为义帝发丧，临三日。发使者告诸侯曰：“天下共立义帝，北面事之。今项羽放杀义帝于江南，大逆无道。寡人亲为发丧，诸侯皆缟素。悉发关内兵，收三河士，南浮江汉以下，愿从诸侯王击楚之杀义帝者。”

202 Burning the Plank Path

A8.26|27|28

In the first month, Xiang Yu proclaimed himself Hegemon, the Overlord of Western Chu, ruling nine counties in Liang and Chu, with Pengcheng as his capital. The covenant was violated, instead of the King of Guanzhong, Pei Gong was made as the King of Han, ruling Ba, Shu, and Hanzhong, with Nanzheng as the capital. Guanzhong was divided into three parts and given to three surrendered generals of the Qin Dynasty: Zhang Han was made the King of Yong, with Feiqiu as his capital; Sima Xin was made the King of Sai, with Liyang as his capital; and Dong Yi was made the King of Di, with Gaonu as his capital. Shen Yang, a Chu general from Xiaqiu, was made the King of Henan, with Luoyang as his capital. Sima Ang, a Zhao general, was made the King of Yin, with Chaoge as his capital. Xie, the King of Zhao, was renamed the King of Dai. Zhang Er, the Zhao minister, was made the King of Changshan, with Xiangguo as his capital. Ying Bu, the Lord of Dangyang, was made the King of Jiujiang, with Liuxian as his capital. Gong Ao, a pillar of the King of Huai, was made the King of Linjiang, with Jiangling as his capital. Wu Rui, the Lord of Fan, was made the King of Hengshan, with Zhuxian as his capital. Zang Tu, a Yan general, was made the King of Yan, with Jixian as his capital. Han Guang, the Former King of Yan, was renamed the King of Liaodong. Han Guang did not obey, so Zang Tu attacked Han Guang and killed him in Wuzhong. Chen Yu, the Lord of Cheng'an, was granted three counties in Hejian and to live in Nanpi. Mei Xuan was granted 100 thousand households as his fief.

In April, the armies withdrew from Xixia, and the princes returned to their fiefdoms. The King of Han went to his fiefdom, and King Xiang sent 30 thousand soldiers to accompany him. The soldiers of Chu and the princes followed him because they admired the King of Han, and as many as tens of thousands of them followed him from Du southward to Shizhong. After the Han army left, they burned the plank path along the way to prevent the princes and thieves from attacking, and also to show Xiang Yu that they had no intention of going east. When they arrived in Nanzheng, many of the generals and soldiers fled back to the east on the way, and the soldiers all sang songs and wanted to go back to the east. Han Xin advised the King of Han: "Xiang Yu appointed meritorious generals as kings, but Your Majesty was appointed to Nanzheng, which is exile. The military officers and soldiers are all from Shandong, and they are on tiptoe day and night looking forward to returning to their hometown. Using their vigor at this time can create great achievements. After the world is pacified, people will settle down and they can no longer be used. It is better to order an advance to the east and fight with the princes for the world." 

Xiang Yu went out of Hangu Pass and sent people to relocate Emperor Yi, saying: "In ancient times, emperors who ruled a thousand miles of land would definitely live in the upper reaches." He sent messengers to relocate Emperor Yi to Chen County in Changsha, urging Emperor Yi to leave. The ministers gradually developed a desire to betray, so they secretly ordered the King of Hengshan and the King of Linjiang to attack Emperor Yi and kill him in the south of the Yangtze River. Xiang Yu resented Tian Rong and made Tian Du, a general of Qi, the King of Qi. Tian Rong was very angry and took the opportunity to establish himself as the King of Qi, killed Tian Du and betrayed the State of Chu, gave Peng Yue the seal of a general, and ordered him to rebel in Liangdi. Chu ordered Xiao Gongjiao to attack Peng Yue, Peng Yue defeated Xiao Gongjiao. Chen Yu resented Xiang Yu for not making him king, and ordered Xia Shuo to persuade Tian Rong to lend him troops to attack Zhang Er. Qi lent Chen Yu troops, and he defeated Zhang Er, the King of Changshan. Zhang Er fled and surrendered to the King of Han. Chen Yu welcomed King Zhao Xie back from Dai County and re-established him as the King of Zhao. The King of Zhao took advantage of the situation and established Chen Yu as the King of Dai. Xiang Yu was very angry and sent troops to the north to attack Qi.

正月，项羽自立为西楚霸王，王梁、楚地九郡，都彭城。负约，更立沛公为汉王，王巴、蜀、汉中，都南郑。三分关中，立秦三将：章邯为雍王，都废丘；司马欣为塞王，都栎阳；董翳为翟王，都高奴。楚将瑕丘申阳为河南王，都洛阳。赵将司马卬为殷王，都朝歌。赵王歇徙王代。赵相张耳为常山王，都襄国。当阳君黥布为九江王，都六。怀王柱国共敖为临江王，都江陵。番君吴芮为衡山王，都邾。燕将臧荼为燕王，都蓟。故燕王韩广徙王辽东。广不听，臧荼攻杀之无终。封成安君陈余河间三县，居南皮。封梅鋗十万户。

四月，兵罢戏下，诸侯各就国。汉王之国，项王使卒三万人从，楚与诸侯之慕从者数万人，从杜南入蚀中。去辄烧绝栈道，以备诸侯盗兵袭之，亦示项羽无东意。至南郑，诸将及士卒多道亡归，士卒皆歌思东归。韩信说汉王曰：“项羽王诸将之有功者，而王独居南郑，是迁也。军吏士卒皆山东之人也，日夜跂而望归，及其锋而用之，可以有大功。天下已定，人皆自宁，不可复用。不如决策东乡，争权天下。”

项羽出关，使人徙义帝。曰：“古之帝者地方千里，必居上游。”乃使使徙义帝长沙郴县，趣义帝行，群臣稍倍叛之，乃阴令衡山王、临江王击之，杀义帝江南。项羽怨田荣，立齐将田都为齐王。田荣怒，因自立为齐王，杀田都而反楚；予彭越将军印，令反梁地。楚令萧公角击彭越，彭越大破之。陈余怨项羽之弗王己也，令夏说说田荣，请兵击张耳。齐予陈余兵，击破常山王张耳，张耳亡归汉。迎赵王歇于代，复立为赵王。赵王因立陈余为代王。项羽大怒，北击齐。

201 Huai the Righteous King

A8.23|24|25

Someone advised Pei Gong, "Qin is ten times richer than the rest of the world, and the terrain is advantageous. Now I heard that Zhang Han has surrendered to Xiang Yu, and Xiang Yu made him the King of Yong and ruled Guanzhong. Now they are coming, and Pei Gong may not be able to keep this place. We should quickly send troops to guard Hangu Pass, not let the troops of the princes enter, and gradually recruit soldiers from Guanzhong to strengthen our strength and resist them." Pei Gong thought his suggestion made sense, so he adopted it. In mid-November, Xiang Yu led the troops of the princes to the west, wanting to enter Hangu Pass, but the gate was closed. Xiang Yu was very angry when he heard that Pei Gong had pacified Guanzhong, and sent Ying Bu and others to break through Hangu Pass. In mid-December, Xiang Yu arrived at Xishui. Pei Gong's left Sima Cao Wushang heard that King Xiang was very angry and wanted to attack Pei Gong, so he sent someone to tell Xiang Yu, "Pei Gong wants to be king in Guanzhong, let Ziying be prime minister, and take the treasures for himself." Cao Wushang wanted to use this to seek a reward. Yafu persuaded Xiang Yu to attack Pei Gong. Xiang Yu was having a banquet rewarding his soldiers and was planning to fight against Pei Gong the next day. At that time, Xiang Yu had 400 thousand troops, claiming to have 1 million. Pei Gong had 100 thousand troops, claiming to have 200 thousand troops, and they were no match. Xiang Bo wanted to save Zhang Liang and went to see him at night. Pei Gong took the opportunity to reason with Xiang Yu through Xiang Bo, and Xiang Yu gave up. Pei Gong took more than 100 cavalrymen and came to Hongmen to meet Xiang Yu and apologize. Xiang Yu said: "This is what Pei Gong's left Sima Cao Wushang told me. Otherwise, how could I do such a thing!" Pei Gong was able to escape and return with the help of Fan Kuai and Zhang Liang. When he returned to the army, he immediately killed Cao Wushang.

Xiang Yu then marched westward, slaughtering and burning Xianyang City and the Qin Dynasty palaces. No place was left undestroyed. The people in Qin were very disappointed, and they were scared of Xiang Yu, but nobody dared to disobey.

Xiang Yu sent someone back to report to King Huai. King Huai said, "Do as agreed." Xiang Yu resented that King Huai refused to let him and Pei Gong go west to the pass, but sent him north to rescue Zhao, delaying the agreement among the princes of the world. He said, "King Huai was only established by my uncle Xiang Liang. He has no merit. Why should he preside over the agreement? It was you generals and I who pacified the world." So he pretended to respect King Huai of Chu as the Righteous King, but actually did not obey his orders.

或说沛公曰：“秦富十倍天下，地形强。今闻章邯降项羽，项羽乃号为雍王，王关中。今则来，沛公恐不得有此。可急使兵守函谷关，无内诸侯军，稍徵关中兵以自益，距之。”沛公然其计，从之。十一月中，项羽果率诸侯兵西，欲入关，关门闭。闻沛公已定关中，大怒，使黥布等攻破函谷关。十二月中，遂至戏。沛公左司马曹无伤闻项王怒，欲攻沛公，使人言项羽曰：“沛公欲王关中，令子婴为相，珍宝尽有之。”欲以求封。亚父劝项羽击沛公。方飨士，旦日合战。是时项羽兵四十万，号百万。沛公兵十万，号二十万，力不敌。会项伯欲活张良，夜往见良，因以文谕项羽，项羽乃止。沛公从百余骑，驱之鸿门，见谢项羽。项羽曰：“此沛公左司马曹无伤言之。不然，籍何以生此！”沛公以樊哙、张良故，得解归。归，立诛曹无伤。

项羽遂西，屠烧咸阳秦宫室，所过无不残破。秦人大失望，然恐，不敢不服耳。

项羽使人还报怀王。怀王曰：“如约。”项羽怨怀王不肯令与沛公俱西入关，而北救赵，后天下约。乃曰：“怀王者，吾家项梁所立耳，非有功伐，何以得主约！本定天下，诸将及籍也。”乃详尊怀王为义帝，实不用其命。

200 Three Agreements in Guanzhong

A8.21|22

At first, Xiang Yu and Song Yi went north to rescue Zhao. When Xiang Yu killed Song Yi and replaced him as the superior general, all the generals, including Ying Bu, were subordinate to Xiang Yu. They defeated the army of Qin general Wang Li, subdued Zhang Han, and all the princes submitted to Xiang Yu. After Zhao Gao killed Qin II, he sent people to agree to divide the land in Guanzhong and become king. Pei Gong thought it was a trick, so he adopted Zhang Liang's advice and sent Li Sheng and Lu Jia to persuade the Qin generals, luring them with benefits, and attacked Wuguan and broke it. He fought with the Qin army south of Lantian, added decoys and flags, and prohibited looting in all places he passed by. The people in Qin were very happy, and the Qin army disintegrated. Pei Gong took the opportunity to defeat the Qin army. He fought again north of Lantian and defeated the Qin army. Pei Gong pursued the victory and finally defeated the Qin army.

In October of the first year of the Han Dynasty (206 BC), Pei Gong's army finally arrived at Bashang before all the princes. King Ziying of Qin rode a white horse in a plain carriage with a silk rope tied around his neck, sealed the emperor's seal and imperial tally, and surrendered on the roadside by the Zhi Dao Pavilion. Some of the generals suggested killing the King of Qin. The Duke of Pei said, "King Huai sent me here because I was tolerant. Besides, he has already surrendered, so it is unlucky to kill him." He handed the King of Qin over to the officials and headed west to Xianyang. The Duke of Pei wanted to stay in the palace to rest, but Fan Kuai and Zhang Liang advised him against it. He sealed up the treasures and treasury of the Qin Palace and withdrew to Bashang. Pei Gong summoned the elders and heroes of each country and said: "You elders have been tortured by the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty for a long time. Those who criticize the government have been exterminated, and those who gather and talk have been executed. I have agreed with the princes that whoever enters Guanzhong first will be king here, so I should be the king in Guanzhong. I am here making three agreements with the elders: those who kill will be executed, and those who injure and those who rob will be punished according to the crime. All other Qin laws will be abolished. All officials and people will live and work in peace as usual. The reason I came here is to eliminate the affliction for the elders. There will be no bullying and violence. Don't be afraid! Moreover, I am withdrawing the army to station at Bashang, just waiting for the princes to come and jointly form new laws." So Pei Gong had messengers and officials from Qin go from county to county, and from town to town, to inform the people about the agreements. The people of Qin were very happy and rushed to send cattle, sheep, wine, and food to reward the soldiers. Pei Gong refused to accept any of it, saying: "The warehouse has enough food, there is no shortage of food, and I don't want to let you spend anything." The people were even happier, but they were afraid that Pei Gong would not become the King of Qin.

初，项羽与宋义北救赵，及项羽杀宋义，代为上将军，诸将黥布皆属，破秦将王离军，降章邯，诸侯皆附。及赵高已杀二世，使人来，欲约分王关中。沛公以为诈，乃用张良计，使郦生、陆贾往说秦将，啗以利，因袭攻武关，破之。又与秦军战于蓝田南，益张疑兵旗帜，诸所过毋得掠卤，秦人憙，秦军解，因大破之。又战其北，大破之。乘胜，遂破之。

汉元年十月，沛公兵遂先诸侯至霸上。秦王子婴素车白马，系颈以组，封皇帝玺符节，降轵道旁。诸将或言诛秦王。沛公曰：“始怀王遣我，固以能宽容；且人已服降，又杀之，不祥。”乃以秦王属吏，遂西入咸阳。欲止宫休舍，樊哙、张良谏，乃封秦重宝财物府库，还军霸上。召诸县父老豪桀曰：“父老苦秦苛法久矣，诽谤者族，偶语者弃巿。吾与诸侯约，先入关者王之，吾当王关中。与父老约，法三章耳：杀人者死，伤人及盗抵罪。余悉除去秦法。诸吏人皆案堵如故。凡吾所以来，为父老除害，非有所侵暴，无恐！且吾所以还军霸上，待诸侯至而定约束耳。”乃使人与秦吏行县乡邑，告谕之。秦人大喜，争持牛羊酒食献飨军士。沛公又让不受，曰：“仓粟多，非乏，不欲费人。”人又益喜，唯恐沛公不为秦王。

199 Pei Gong Westwards

A8.19|20

The Duke of Pei led his troops westwards and met Peng Yue in Changyi. They attacked the Qin army together, but it was not successful. When they returned to Li County, they met Gang Wuhou and captured his army, which was about 4,000 people. The two armies merged. The Duke of Pei attacked Changyi together with the army of Wei general Huang Xin and Wei Situ Wupu but with no success. They went westwards through Gaoyang. Li Shiqi was in charge of guarding the city gate and said, "Many generals are passing by here. I see the Duke of Pei as a generous and great man." So he asked to meet the Duke of Pei and persuade him. The Duke of Pei was sitting on the flank of the bed with his legs apart and had two women washing his feet. Li Sheng (Li Shiqi) did not bow his head, just motioned his hands as a gesture and saluted, saying, "If you want to destroy the unjust Qin, you should not sit with your legs apart to meet the elders." At this time, the Duke of Pei stood up, adjusted his clothes, apologized, and asked him to sit in the upper seat. Li Shiqi persuaded the Duke of Pei to attack Chenliu and get the grains stored by Qin. Pei Gong then appointed Li Shiqi as Lord of Guangye, and appointed Li Shang as General, leading the army of Chenliu to attack Kaifeng with him, but Kaifeng was not captured. Pei Gong went west and fought against Qin General Yang Xiong at Baima, and then fought him east of Quyu, and defeated the Qin army. Yang Xiong fled to Xingyang, and Qin the Second sent an envoy to behead him for public display. Pei Gong went south to attack Yingyang and slaughtered the city there. With the help of Zhang Liang, he finally captured Huanyuan Pass in Han. 

At this time, Sima Ang, a general of Zhao, was about to cross the Yellow River to enter Guanzhong. Pei Gong went north to attack Pingyin and cut off the Yellow River crossing. He marched south and fought east of Luoyang but with no success. He returned to Yangcheng, gathered the war horses and cavalry in the army, fought against Nanyang County Governor Xi east of Xu County, and defeated him. He captured Nanyang County, and Nanyang County Governor Xi fled and retreated to Wan County. Pei Gong was going to lead his troops to bypass Wan County and head west. Zhang Liang advised: "Even though Pei Gong wants to enter Guanzhong as soon as possible, there are still many Qin troops guarding the strategic areas. If we don't capture Wan County now, Wan County will attack from the back, and the powerful Qin army will block the front. This is a dangerous approach." So Pei Gong then led his troops back from another route at night, changed the flags, and at dawn, surrounded Wan County in three layers. The governor of Nanyang wanted to commit suicide. His retainer Chen Hui said, "It won't be too late to die after I come back." He climbed over the city wall to see Pei Gong and said, "I heard that you have an agreement that whoever enters Xianyang first can be king in Guanzhong. But now you stay and besiege Wan County. Wan County is the seat of a large county, with dozens of connected cities and towns, a large population, and sufficient savings. Officials and people all think that surrendering will lead to death, so they all get on top of the city wall to defend themselves stubbornly. Now you stay here all day to attack the city, and there must be many casualties; if you lead the troops to leave Wan County, the army of Wan County will follow you. If you move forward, you will not be able to fulfill the agreement to enter Xianyang first, and the powerful Wan County will be a disaster behind you. Let me make the consideration for you. It would be better to have the defenders of Wan County surrender, reward the governor of Nanyang County, and leave him here to guard the city and lead his soldiers to the west. Those cities that have not been captured will hear the news and rush to open their gates to wait for you to enter the city, and you can pass through without any worries." Pei Gong said, "Okay." So he appointed the governor of Nanyang County Yin Hou and granted Chen Hui a fief of 1,000 households. Pei Gong led his troops westward, and there was no city that he could not capture. When he arrived at Danshui, Qi Wei, Marquis of Gaowu, and Wang Ling, Marquis of Xiang, surrendered at Xiling. When he returned to attack Huyang, he met Mei Xuan, a general of Fan Jun, and together with him, he conquered Xi and Li. Pei Gong sent Ning Chang, a man from Wei, to the Qin Dynasty as an envoy, but the envoy did not return. At that time, Zhang Han had already led his entire army to surrender to Xiang Yu in Zhao. 

沛公引兵西，遇彭越昌邑，因与俱攻秦军，战不利。还至栗，遇刚武侯，夺其军，可四千余人，并之。与魏将皇欣、魏申徒武蒲之军并攻昌邑，昌邑未拔。西过高阳。郦食其为监门，曰：“诸将过此者多，吾视沛公大人长者。”乃求见说沛公。沛公方踞床，使两女子洗足。郦生不拜，长揖，曰：“足下必欲诛无道秦，不宜踞见长者。”于是沛公起，摄衣谢之，延上坐。食其说沛公袭陈留，得秦积粟。乃以郦食其为广野君，郦商为将，将陈留兵，与偕攻开封，开封未拔。西与秦将杨熊战白马，又战曲遇东，大破之。杨熊走之荥阳，二世使使者斩以徇。南攻颍阳，屠之。因张良遂略韩地轘辕。

当是时，赵别将司马卬方欲渡河入关，沛公乃北攻平阴，绝河津。南，战雒阳东，军不利，还至阳城，收军中马骑，与南阳守齮战犨东，破之。略南阳郡，南阳守齮走，保城守宛。沛公引兵过而西。张良谏曰：“沛公虽欲急入关，秦兵尚众，距险。今不下宛，宛从后击，强秦在前，此危道也。”于是沛公乃夜引兵从他道还，更旗帜，黎明，围宛城三匝。南阳守欲自刭。其舍人陈恢曰：“死未晚也。”乃逾城见沛公，曰：“臣闻足下约，先入咸阳者王之。今足下留守宛。宛，大郡之都也，连城数十，人民众，积蓄多，吏人自以为降必死，故皆坚守乘城。今足下尽日止攻，士死伤者必多；引兵去宛，宛必随足下后：足下前则失咸阳之约，后又有强宛之患。为足下计，莫若约降，封其守，因使止守，引其甲卒与之西。诸城未下者，闻声争开门而待，足下通行无所累。”沛公曰：“善。”乃以宛守为殷侯，封陈恢千户。引兵西，无不下者。至丹水，高武侯鳃、襄侯王陵降西陵。还攻胡阳，遇番君别将梅鋗，与皆，降析、郦。遣魏人宁昌使秦，使者未来。是时章邯已以军降项羽于赵矣。